JT Gravity and the Ensembles of Random Matrix Theory
Douglas Stanford, Edward Witten
备注：
106 pages plus appendices. v2: new section 5.5; minor corrections especially in Appendix A; references added. v3: references added. v4: minor corrections in section 4.1. v5: references added
We generalize the recently discovered relationship between JT gravity and double-scaled random matrix theory to the case that the boundary theory may have time-reversal symmetry and may have fermions with or without supersymmetry. The matching between variants of JT gravity and matrix ensembles depends on the assumed symmetries. Time-reversal symmetry in the boundary theory means that unorientable spacetimes must be considered in the bulk. In such a case, the partition function of JT gravity is still related to the volume of the moduli space of conformal structures, but this volume has a quantum correction and has to be computed using Reidemeister-Ray-Singer "torsion." Presence of fermions in the boundary theory (and thus a symmetry $(-1)^F$) means that the bulk has a spin or pin structure. Supersymmetry in the boundary means that the bulk theory is associated to JT supergravity and is related to the volume of the moduli space of super Riemann surfaces rather than of ordinary Riemann surfaces. In all cases we match JT gravity or supergravity with an appropriate random matrix ensemble. All ten standard random matrix ensembles make an appearance -- the three Dyson ensembles and the seven Altland-Zirnbauer ensembles. To facilitate the analysis, we extend to the other ensembles techniques that are most familiar in the case of the original Wigner-Dyson ensemble of hermitian matrices. We also generalize Mirzakhani's recursion for the volumes of ordinary moduli space to the case of super Riemann surfaces.
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Within the thermodynamic model of gravity the dark energy is identified with the energy of collective gravitational interactions of all particles in the universe, which is missing in the standard treatments. For the model-universe we estimate the radiation, baryon and dark energy densities and obtain the values which are close to the current observations. It is shown that total gravitational potential of a particle from the world ensemble is a scale dependent quantity and its value is twice of Newtonian potential. The Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann approximation to general relativity was used to sho…
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For ensembles of Hamiltonians that fall under the Dyson classification of random matrices with $β\in \{1,2,4\}$, the low-temperature mean entropy can be shown to vanish as $\langle S(T)\rangle\sim κT^{β+1}$. A similar relation holds for Altland-Zirnbauer ensembles. JT gravity has been shown to be dual to the double-scaling limit of a $β=2$ ensemble, with a classical eigenvalue density $\propto e^{S_0}\sqrt{E}$ when $0 < E \ll 1$. We use universal results about the distribution of the smallest eigenvalues in such ensembles to calculate $κ$ up to corrections that we argue are doubly exponentiall…
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For the first time, a gravitational calculation was recently shown to yield the Page curve for the entropy of Hawking radiation, consistent with unitary evolution. However, the calculation takes as essential input Hawking's result that the radiation entropy becomes large at late times. We call this apparent contradiction the state paradox. We exhibit its manifestations in standard and doubly-holographic settings, with and without an external bath. We clarify which version(s) of the Ryu-Takayanagi prescription apply in each setting. We show that the two possible homology rules in the presence o…
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Some approaches to $2d$ gravity developed for the last years are reviewed. They are physical (Liouville) gravity, topological theories and matrix models. A special attention is paid to matrix models and their interrelations with different approaches. Almost all technical details are omitted, but examples are presented.
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Starting with the well-known Nambu-Goto action for an N-extended body system the propagator in the microcanonical ensemble is explicitly computed. This propagator is independent of the temperature and, in contrast with the previous references, takes account on all the non-local effects produced by the extended objects (e.g., strings) in interaction. The relation between relativistic quantum field theories in the microcanonical approach and the pure S-matrix formulation is stablished and analyzed.
The Hilbert space of a quantum system with internal global symmetry $G$ decomposes into sectors labelled by irreducible representations of $G$. If the system is chaotic, the energies in each sector should separately resemble ordinary random matrix theory. We show that such "sector-wise" random matrix ensembles arise as the boundary dual of two-dimensional gravity with a $G$ gauge field in the bulk. Within each sector, the eigenvalue density is enhanced by a nontrivial factor of the dimension of the representation, and the ground state energy is determined by the quadratic Casimir. We study the…
Configurational Temperature in Matrix Models and Random Matrix Ensembles
National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Physics, and Mandelstam Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of the Witwatersrand（威特沃特斯兰德大学理论计算科学国家研究所、物理学院和曼德尔斯坦理论物理研究所）；Brown Center for Theoretical Physics and Innovation, Department of Physics, Brown University（布朗大学物理系理论物理与创新中心）
We address the construction of stable random matrix ensembles as the generalization of the stable random variables (Levy distributions). With a simple method we derive the Cauchy case, which is known to have remarkable properties. These properties allow for such an intuitive method -that relies on taking traces- to hold. Approximate but general results regarding the other distributions are derived as well. Some of the special properties of these ensembles are evidenced by showing partial failure of mean-field approaches. To conclude, we compute the confining potential that gives a Gaussian den…
For the unitary ensembles of $N\times N$ Hermitian matrices associated with a weight function $w$ there is a kernel, expressible in terms of the polynomials orthogonal with respect to the weight function, which plays an important role. For the orthogonal and symplectic ensembles of Hermitian matrices there are $2\times2$ matrix kernels, usually constructed using skew-orthogonal polynomials, which play an analogous role. These matrix kernels are determined by their upper left-hand entries. We derive formulas expressing these entries in terms of the scalar kernel for the corresponding unitary en…
