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arXiv 1902.07609cs.ARcs.PF
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理解工作负载和DRAM类型之间的相互作用:综合实验研究

Understanding the Interactions of Workloads and DRAM Types: A Comprehensive Experimental Study

Saugata Ghose, Tianshi Li, Nastaran Hajinazar, Damla Senol Cali, Onur Mutlu

摘要:

理解现代应用程序与由DRAM芯片组成的主存储器之间的复杂交互变得越来越困难。制造商现在正在销售和提出许多不同类型的DRAM,其中每种DRAM类型满足不同的需求(例如,高吞吐量、低功率、高存储密度)。与此同时,流行和新兴工作负载的内存访问模式正在迅速分化,因为这些应用程序以非常不同的方式操纵较大的数据集。因此,DRAM-工作负载组合行为目前通常难以直观地确定,这可能会阻碍硬件和软件中的内存优化。在这项工作中,我们确定了重要的工作负载家族,以及流行的DRAM芯片类型,并严格分析了组合的DRAM-工作负载行为。为此,我们进行了全面的实验研究9种不同的DRAM类型和115个现代应用程序和多程序工作负载之间的相互作用。我们从我们的特征中得出12个关键的观察结果,部分原因是我们开发了新的指标,这些指标考虑到了由于硬件设计导致的内存请求之间的争用。值得注意的是,我们发现:(1)较新的DRAM类型,诸如DDR4和HMC,由于更高的访问延迟,并且在HMC的情况下,对局部性的利用较差,通常不优于较旧的类型,诸如DDR3;(2)没有单一的DRAM类型可以满足异构系统的所有组件(例如,GDDR5在多媒体加速方面显著优于其他存储器,而HMC在网络加速方面显著优于其他存储器);以及(3)仍然强烈需要降低DRAM延迟,但不幸的是,商品DRAM的当前设计趋势是朝向更高的延迟以获得其他益处。我们希望我们确定的趋势可以推动硬件和软件设计的优化。

英文摘要:

It has become increasingly difficult to understand the complex interaction between modern applications and main memory, composed of DRAM chips. Manufacturers are now selling and proposing many different types of DRAM, with each DRAM type catering to different needs (e.g., high throughput, low power, high memory density). At the same time, the memory access patterns of prevalent and emerging workloads are rapidly diverging, as these applications manipulate larger data sets in very different ways. As a result, the combined DRAM-workload behavior is often difficult to intuitively determine today, which can hinder memory optimizations in both hardware and software. In this work, we identify important families of workloads, as well as prevalent types of DRAM chips, and rigorously analyze the combined DRAM--workload behavior. To this end, we perform a comprehensive experimental study of the interaction between nine different DRAM types and 115 modern applications and multiprogrammed workloads. We draw 12 key observations from our characterization, enabled in part by our development of new metrics that take into account contention between memory requests due to hardware design. Notably, we find that (1) newer DRAM types such as DDR4 and HMC often do not outperform older types such as DDR3, due to higher access latencies and, in the case of HMC, poor exploitation of locality; (2) there is no single DRAM type that can cater to all components of a heterogeneous system (e.g., GDDR5 significantly outperforms other memories for multimedia acceleration, while HMC significantly outperforms other memories for network acceleration); and (3) there is still a strong need to lower DRAM latency, but unfortunately the current design trend of commodity DRAM is toward higher latencies to obtain other benefits. We hope that the trends we identify can drive optimizations in both hardware and software design.

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