Whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) benefits stroke rehabilitation remains unclear. To investigate how tDCS reorganizes brain circuitry, nineteen post-stroke patients underwent rehabilitation sessions with bi-hemispheric real vs sham tDCS intervention. Resting motor threshold measurements showed tDCS evoked higher excitability in the motor cortex that enhanced the descending conduction from the lesioned primary motor cortex to the target hand muscle. Granger causality analysis further revealed brain circuitry rewiring among the lesioned cerebellum, premotor, and primary motor cortex in the tDCS group compared to the sham owing to the newly formed connections close to the anodal electrode. Rebuilding of these critical pathways was clear via the increase of event related desynchronisation (ERD) and white matter integrity in the same lesioned region. Furthermore, only the tDCS group demonstrated a positive recovery trend in the penumbra regions by the longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. To interpret tDCS mechanism, we introduce a polarized gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) theory, where GABAA receptor activity depends on the orientation of dipolar GABA that can be manipulated by tDCS field. Results suggest that tDCS intervention lowers motor excitability via re-orienting GABA, leading to reorganization of the lesioned cortical network, and the motor descending pathway, finally the recovery of motor function.
Impact of Brain Anisotropy on Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation: Numerical Analysis Toward Reliable Montage Optimization
Chiba University（千叶大学）；National Institute for Physiological Sciences（国立生理科学研究所）；SOKENDAI（日本综合研究大学院大学）；National Institutes of Natural Sciences（国立自然科学研究院）；Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University（千叶大学前沿医学工程中心）
Application of the reciprocity theorem to EEG inversion and optimization of EEG-driven transcranial current stimulation (tCS, including tDCS, tACS, tRNS)
Group-Level and Personalized Optimization for the Insula and Hippocampus Focal Electric Field in Transcranial Temporal Interferential Stimulation: A Computational Study
Nagoya Institute of Technology（名古屋工业大学）；Niigata University of Health and Welfare（日本福祉大学）
ITRUSST Consensus on Biophysical Safety for Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation
PSL University（巴黎文理研究大学）；Université Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；West Virginia University（西弗吉尼亚大学）；Vanderbilt University（范德堡大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；University Health Network（联合健康网络）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；Université Lyon 1（里昂第一大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）；The George Institute for Global Health（乔治全球卫生研究所）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Radboud University（拉德堡德大学）
Asymmetric Modular Pulse Synthesizer: A High-Power High-Granularity Electronics Solution for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Practically Any Pulse Shape for Neural Activation Selectivity
