皮质区域对焦点TES的可达性：对空间位置、安全性和实际限制的依赖性
Accessibility of Cortical Regions to Focal TES: Dependence on Spatial Position, Safety, and Practical Constraints
摘要：
经颅电刺激（TES）可以通过连接到头皮的电极注入弱电流来调节大脑中的内在神经活动。TES已被广泛用作神经科学工具，以研究大脑功能的行为和生理变量是如何通过特定大脑区域的电刺激来调制的。对于TES实验的明确解释，重要的是电场可以被引导到一个或多个感兴趣的大脑区域。然而，人类头部的导电特性对由多电极TES在大脑中产生的电场的聚焦程度施加了固有的物理限制。根据经验，用TES靶向脑深部区域是不可行的，尽管由于周围组织中有利的导电特性，将场集中在某些特定的更深位置是可能的。在本研究中，我们首先提出了一种新的方法，用于自动计算电极放置和刺激强度，以最佳地影响给定的目标位置。我们提供了一个计算效率和鲁棒性的实现的优化程序，能够坚持安全约束，同时明确控制的数量的有源电极和在目标区域中的字段相对于所需的字段方向的角度偏差。利用我们的方法的高计算效率，我们系统地评估所有皮层位置的多电极TES的可实现的焦点，从而调查所选择的约束条件的依赖性。我们的研究结果提供了全面的了解有关的限制，可实现的TES剂量和焦点所施加的生物物理约束和安全考虑的TES。
英文摘要：
Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) can modulate intrinsic neural activity in the brain by injecting weak currents through electrodes attached to the scalp. TES has been widely used as a neuroscience tool to investigate how behavioural and physiological variables of brain function are modulated by electric stimulation of specific brain regions. For an unambiguous interpretation of TES experiments, it is important that the electric fields can be steered towards one or several brain regions-of-interest. However, the conductive proprieties of the human head impose inherent physical limitations on how focal the electric fields in the brain produced by multi-electrode TES can be. As a rule of thumb, it is not feasible to target deep brain areas with TES, although focusing the field in some specific deeper locations might be possible due to favourable conductive properties in the surrounding tissue. In the present study, we first propose a novel method for the automatic calculation of electrode placements and stimulation intensities to optimally affect a given target position. We provide a computationally efficient and robust implementation of the optimization procedure that is able to adhere to safety constraints, while explicitly controlling both the number of active electrodes and the angular deviation of the field in the target area relative to the desired field direction. Leveraging the high computational efficiency of our method, we systematically assess the achievable focality of multi-electrode TES for all cortex positions, thereby investigating the dependence on the chosen constraints. Our results provide comprehensive insight into the limitations regarding the achievable TES dose and focality that are imposed by the biophysical constraints and the safety considerations of TES.
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