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arXiv 1901.01412cs.DS
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无向图中所有对最大流的新算法及下界

New Algorithms and Lower Bounds for All-Pairs Max-Flow in Undirected Graphs

Amir Abboud, Robert Krauthgamer, Ohad Trabelsi

摘要:

我们研究了全对最大流问题的时间复杂度:给定一个具有$n$节点和$m$边的图,计算所有节点对之间的最大流值。如果最大流(具有给定源-宿对$s,t$的版本)可以在时间$T(m)$中求解,则$O(n^2) \cdot T(m)$是平凡上界。但我们能做得更好吗?对于有向图,最近的细粒度复杂性结果表明,这个时间界限基本上是最优的。相比之下,对于具有边容量的无向图,Gomory和Hu(1961)的开创性算法运行的时间要快得多$O(n)\cdot T(m)$。在合理的假设下,最大流量可以解决在近线性时间$m^{1+o(1)}$,这个半个世纪的老算法产生的$nm^{1+o(1)}$界。几年来已经设计了几种其他算法,包括单位容量边缘的$\tilde{O}(mn)$时间(无条件),但它们都没有突破$O(mn)$障碍。同时,对于无向图,也没有给出超线性下界。我们设计的第一个硬度减少无向图中的所有对最大流量,给$\textit{node-capacities}$设置一个基本上最优的下限。对于边容量,我们证明类似下界的努力失败了,但是我们发现了一个令人惊讶的新算法,它打破了具有单位容量边的图的$O(mn)$障碍!假设$T(m)=m^{1+o(1)}$,我们的算法在时间上运行$m^{3/2 +o(1)}$,并输出一个割等价树(类似于Gomory-Hu算法)。即使使用当前的最大流算法,只要$m=O(n^{5/3-\varepsilon})$,我们就可以改进最先进的算法。最后,我们通过证明一个$\textit{non-reducibility}$结果解释了下界的缺乏。这一结果是基于一个新的准线性时间$\tilde{O}(m)$ $\textit{non-deterministic}$算法构建一个削减等价树,可能是独立的利益。

英文摘要:

We investigate the time-complexity of the All-Pairs Max-Flow problem: Given a graph with $n$ nodes and $m$ edges, compute for all pairs of nodes the maximum-flow value between them. If Max-Flow (the version with a given source-sink pair $s,t$) can be solved in time $T(m)$, then an $O(n^2) \cdot T(m)$ is a trivial upper bound. But can we do better? For directed graphs, recent results in fine-grained complexity suggest that this time bound is essentially optimal. In contrast, for undirected graphs with edge capacities, a seminal algorithm of Gomory and Hu (1961) runs in much faster time $O(n)\cdot T(m)$. Under the plausible assumption that Max-Flow can be solved in near-linear time $m^{1+o(1)}$, this half-century old algorithm yields an $nm^{1+o(1)}$ bound. Several other algorithms have been designed through the years, including $\tilde{O}(mn)$ time for unit-capacity edges (unconditionally), but none of them break the $O(mn)$ barrier. Meanwhile, no super-linear lower bound was shown for undirected graphs. We design the first hardness reductions for All-Pairs Max-Flow in undirected graphs, giving an essentially optimal lower bound for the $\textit{node-capacities}$ setting. For edge capacities, our efforts to prove similar lower bounds have failed, but we have discovered a surprising new algorithm that breaks the $O(mn)$ barrier for graphs with unit-capacity edges! Assuming $T(m)=m^{1+o(1)}$, our algorithm runs in time $m^{3/2 +o(1)}$ and outputs a cut-equivalent tree (similarly to the Gomory-Hu algorithm). Even with current Max-Flow algorithms we improve state-of-the-art as long as $m=O(n^{5/3-\varepsilon})$. Finally, we explain the lack of lower bounds by proving a $\textit{non-reducibility}$ result. This result is based on a new quasi-linear time $\tilde{O}(m)$ $\textit{non-deterministic}$ algorithm for constructing a cut-equivalent tree and may be of independent interest.

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