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arXiv 1712.07910physics.soc-ph
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现代科学中交叉学科的优势

The advantages of interdisciplinarity in modern science

Moreno Bonaventura, Vito Latora, Vincenzo Nicosia, Pietro Panzarasa

摘要:

随着大规模研究的日益复杂,需要具有不同领域专业知识的科学家的共同努力,跨学科奖学金的优势和成本已经成为当前关于科学生产的辩论的中心。在这里,我们对现代科学中专业和跨学科研究人员的科学成功进行了比较评估。利用科学生产的综合数据集,我们提出了一个双管齐下的跨学科方法。对于每个科学家,我们区分背景跨学科,植根于知识积累的时间,和社会跨学科,源于接触合作者的知识。我们发现,虽然放弃专业化,有利于中等程度的背景跨学科恶化的性能,非常跨学科的科学家优于专业的,在所有的职业生涯阶段。此外,成功的科学家倾向于加强合作者的异质性,并将其网络的多样性与其背景的多样性相匹配。协作通过促进知识传播、获取和创造来维持绩效。成功的科学家往往比不太成功的科学家更快地吸收合作者的知识。合作还为成功的科学家提供了交流思想和协同创造新知识的机会。这些结果可以激励科学家塑造成功的职业生涯,研究机构制定有效的招聘政策,资助机构授予增强影响力的赠款。

英文摘要:

As the increasing complexity of large-scale research requires the combined efforts of scientists with expertise in different fields, the advantages and costs of interdisciplinary scholarship have taken center stage in current debates on scientific production. Here we conduct a comparative assessment of the scientific success of specialized and interdisciplinary researchers in modern science. Drawing on comprehensive data sets on scientific production, we propose a two-pronged approach to interdisciplinarity. For each scientist, we distinguish between background interdisciplinarity, rooted in knowledge accumulated over time, and social interdisciplinarity, stemming from exposure to collaborators' knowledge. We find that, while abandoning specialization in favor of moderate degrees of background interdisciplinarity deteriorates performance, very interdisciplinary scientists outperform specialized ones, at all career stages. Moreover, successful scientists tend to intensify the heterogeneity of collaborators and to match the diversity of their network with the diversity of their background. Collaboration sustains performance by facilitating knowledge diffusion, acquisition and creation. Successful scientists tend to absorb a larger fraction of their collaborators' knowledge, and at a faster pace, than less successful ones. Collaboration also provides successful scientists with opportunities for the cross-fertilization of ideas and the synergistic creation of new knowledge. These results can inspire scientists to shape successful careers, research institutions to develop effective recruitment policies, and funding agencies to award grants of enhanced impact.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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