$N$ -体宇宙学模拟是理解观测到的星系分布的重要工具。我们使用MultiDark模拟套件，运行普朗克宇宙学参数，重新审视质量和速度函数。在红移$z=0$，模拟覆盖了$\sim10^{11}M_\odot$的四个数量级的晕质量，有8，783，874个不同的晕和532，533个亚晕。使用的总体积为$\sim$ 515 Gpc $^3$，是先前研究的8倍多。我们测量和模拟晕质量函数，它的协方差矩阵相对于晕质量和大尺度晕偏差。通过建立晕集质量函数的形式，我们揭示了协方差矩阵、偏差和晕质量函数之间的紧密联系。我们得到了一个非常准确的（$<2\%$水平）模型的不同晕质量函数。我们还模拟了次晕质量函数及其与不同晕质量函数的关系。所得到的一组模型提供了一个完整的和精确的框架，在协和普朗克宇宙学的晕的描述。最后，我们提供了精确的解析拟合的$V_{max}$的最大速度函数的红移$z<2.3$推动的发展，晕占领分布使用$V_{max}$。数据和分析代码在\textit{Skies and Universes}数据库中公开提供。
英文摘要：
$N$-body cosmological simulations are an essential tool to understand the observed distribution of galaxies. We use the MultiDark simulation suite, run with the Planck cosmological parameters, to revisit the mass and velocity functions. At redshift $z=0$, the simulations cover four orders of magnitude in halo mass from $\sim10^{11}M_\odot$ with 8,783,874 distinct halos and 532,533 subhalos. The total volume used is $\sim$515 Gpc$^3$, more than 8 times larger than in previous studies. We measure and model the halo mass function, its covariance matrix w.r.t halo mass and the large scale halo bias. With the formalism of the excursion-set mass function, we explicit the tight interconnection between the covariance matrix, bias and halo mass function. We obtain a very accurate ($<2\%$ level) model of the distinct halo mass function. We also model the subhalo mass function and its relation to the distinct halo mass function. The set of models obtained provides a complete and precise framework for the description of halos in the concordance Planck cosmology. Finally, we provide precise analytical fits of the $V_{max}$ maximum velocity function up to redshift $z<2.3$ to push for the development of halo occupation distribution using $V_{max}$. The data and the analysis code are made publicly available in the \textit{Skies and Universes} database.
Halos of similar mass and redshift exhibit a large degree of variability in their differential properties, such as dark matter, hot gas, and stellar mass density profiles. This variability is an indicator of diversity in the formation history of these dark matter halos that is reflected in the coupling of scatters about the mean relations. In this work, we show that the strength of this coupling depends on the scale at which halo profiles are measured. By analyzing the outputs of the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical cosmological simulations we report the radial- and mass-dependent couplings between…
In this paper, we analysed the halos and voids properties of a GR-based N-body simulation carried out at redshifts z= 0.0 and z= 0.8 as differences between dynamical dark energy models (namely PL and CPL) with respect to LCDM. Analysing the halos demonstrates that both models, PL and CPL, behave like LCDM, despite the velocity dispersion of halos was more sensitive to the dynamical dark energy model. In addition, a void finder was developed to extract the properties of voids from simulated data. Further statistical model on voids confirms that the PL model produces larger voids. In summary, ou…
The shape of dark matter haloes plays a critical role in constraining cosmology with upcoming large-scale structure surveys. In this paper, we study the correlations between the triaxial shapes and formation histories in dark matter haloes in the MultiDark Planck 2 N-body cosmological simulation. We find that halo ellipticity is strongly correlated with halo properties that serve as proxies of halo formation history, such as halo concentration and the peak-centroid offset. In particular, the correlation between halo ellipticity and halo concentration is nearly independent of the halo density p…
We study the density profile of a dwarf halo in the decaying dark matter (DDM) cosmology, using a new algorithm that resolves halo density profiles down to the innermost $700$ pc robustly with high efficiency. Following Schwarzschild's orbit-based method, we have also developed a simplified model to calculate the DDM halo density profiles, which agree remarkably well with those from N-body simulations. Both zoom-in simulations and the simplified model reveal that dark matter decays lead to the flattening of central density and overall reduction of density in dwarf halos, and the underlying phy…
We present "sheet+release" simulations that reliably follow the evolution of dark matter structure at and below the dark matter free-streaming scale, where instabilities in traditional N-body simulations create a large population of spurious artificial haloes. Our simulations sample a large range of power-spectrum cutoff functions, parameterized through the half-mode scale $k_{\rm{hm}}$ and a slope parameter $β$. This parameter space can represent many non-cold dark matter models, including thermal relic warm dark matter, sterile-neutrinos, fuzzy dark matter, and a significant fraction of ETHO…
The non-spherical shapes of dark matter and gas distributions introduce systematic uncertainties that affect observable-mass relations and selection functions of galaxy groups and clusters. However, the triaxial gas distributions depend on the non-linear physical processes of halo formation histories and baryonic physics, which are challenging to model accurately. In this study we explore a machine learning approach for modelling the dependence of gas shapes on dark matter and baryonic properties. With data from the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical cosmological simulations, we develop a machine lea…
In this paper, we consider the problem of the evolution of the disk subsystem of galaxies in view of the halo. To this end, we have studied the dependence of the evolution of a non-linearly non-radially disk oscillating in its plane depending on the basic parameters of the dark matter halo numerically. The dark matter halo stabilizes the instabilities in the plane of the disk, but destabilizes its vertical oscillations. The global disk structure is dependent strongly on the mass and shape of the of dark matter halo. The evolutionary dependence of the oscillation process of a self-gravitating d…
Sub-GeV mass dark matter particles whose collisions with nuclei would not deposit sufficient energy to be detected, could instead be revealed through their interaction with electrons. Analyses of data from direct detection experiments usually require assuming a local dark matter halo velocity distribution. In the halo-independent analysis method, properties of this distribution are instead inferred from direct dark matter detection data, which allows then to compare different data without making any assumption on the uncertain local dark halo. This method has so far been developed for and appl…
Connection between galaxy morphology and dark-matter halo structure II: predicting disk structure from dark-matter halo properties
Peking University（北京大学）；Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所）；Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校天文学系）；Carnegie Observatories（卡内基观测站）；TAPIR, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院 TAPIR）；Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University（耶路撒冷希伯来大学拉卡物理学院天体物理学与行星科学中心）
We investigate the build-up of the accreted stellar and dark matter haloes of Milky Way-like galaxies in APOSTLE suite of cosmological hydrodynamics simulations. We show that the stellar halo is made up primarily of stars stripped from a small number of massive dwarfs, most of which are disrupted by the present day. The dark matter halo, on the other hand, is made up primarily of small unresolved subhaloes ($\lesssim 10^6$ M$_{\odot}$) and a ``smooth'' component consisting of particles which were never bound to a subhalo. Despite these differences, the massive dwarfs that make up the majority …
We revisit the question of what mechanism is responsible for the spins of halos of dark matter. The answer to this question is of high importance for modeling galaxy intrinsic alignment, which can potentially contaminate current and future lensing data. In particular, we show that when the dark matter halos pass nearly by each other in dense environments-- namely halo assemblies-- they swing and spin each other via exerting mutual tidal torques. We show that this has a significant contribution to the spin of dark matter halos comparable to that of calculated by the so-called tidal torque theor…
Evidence Against Dark Matter Halos Surrounding the Globular Clusters MGC1 and NGC 2419
皮布尔斯（Peebles，1984）首先提出了古老的球状星团（GC）是在其自身的暗物质晕中心形成的猜想，最近又重新提出来解释在许多GC中观察到的令人困惑的丰度模式。在本文中，我们证明了孤立的GC的外部恒星密度分布是非常敏感的扩展的暗晕的存在。GC NGC 2419位于距离我们银河系中心90 kpc的位置，而MG C1位于距离M31中心约200 kpc的位置，是测试GC在大质量暗晕中心形成的理想实验室。将分析模型与这些GC的观测结果进行比较，我们得出结论，这些GC不可能嵌入维里质量大于10^6 Msun的暗晕中，或者等价地说，暗物质晕质量与恒星质量之比必须为Mdm/M_*<1。如果这些GC确实在它们的一生中在弱潮汐场中轨道运行，那么这些限制意味着这些GC不是在它们自己的黑暗晕中形成的。最近的观察，在GC NGC 1851的扩展恒星晕也解释在我们的分析模型的背景下。这些结果的GC的形成的影响进行了简要讨论。
Globular clusters vs dark matter haloes in strong lensing observations
爱因斯坦环或巨弧的图像中的微小扭曲提供了探测质量低于$10^9$ M $_{\odot}$的暗物质晕或亚晕的令人兴奋的前景，其中大多数都太小，无法形成可见的星系。在宇宙演化的冷暗物质模型中，预计存在大量这样的晕;相反，其他模型，如暖暗物质，预测没有晕低于这个数量级，这取决于暖暗物质粒子的性质。因此，试图探测这些小扰动可以区分不同种类的暗物质粒子，甚至完全排除冷暗物质模型。透镜星系中的球状星团也会引起图像的扭曲，原则上，这可能会污染测试。本文研究了室女星系团中六个早型星系中球状星团的总体分布。我们发现质量为$\sim10^6$ M $_{\odot}$的球状星团的数密度与暗物质扰动物（包括透镜中的次晕和沿视线的晕）的数密度相当。我们发现，在球状星团和暗物质晕的质量集中程度非常不同，导致不同的透镜畸变。这些可以用毫角秒分辨率的成像来检测，这种成像可以区分球状星团和暗物质晕信号。
