Large Observatory for x-ray Timing (LOFT-P): A Probe-classs Mission Concept Study
Colleen A. Wilson-Hodge, Paul S. Ray, Deepto Chakrabarty, Marco Feroci, Laura Alvarez, Michael Baysinger, Chris Becker, Enrico Bozzo, Soren Brandt, Billy Carson… 展开作者
Colleen A. Wilson-Hodge, Paul S. Ray, Deepto Chakrabarty, Marco Feroci, Laura Alvarez, Michael Baysinger, Chris Becker, Enrico Bozzo, Soren Brandt, Billy Carson, Jack Chapman, Alexandra Dominguez, Leo Fabisinski, Bert Gangl, Jay Garcia, Christopher Griffith, Margarita Hernanz, Robert Hickman, Randall Hopkins, Michelle Hui, Luster Ingram, Peter Jenke, Seppo Korpela, Tom Maccarone, Malgorzata Michalska, Martin Pohl, Andrea Santangelo, Stephane Schanne, Andrew Schnell, Luigi Stella, Michiel van der Klis, Anna Watts, Berend Winter, Silvia Zane
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Proc. SPIE 9905, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 99054Y (July 18, 2016)
LOFT-P是NASA天体物理探测级(<10亿美元)X射线计时任务的概念,基于最初向ESA M3和M4提出的LOFT概念。LOFT-P需要非常大的收集面积(>6 m^2,> 10 x RXTE),高时间分辨率,良好的光谱分辨率,宽波段光谱覆盖(2-30 keV),高度灵活的调度,以及及时发现和响应时间关键目标的能力。它解决了科学问题,如:什么是超密度物质的状态方程?强引力对螺旋进入黑洞的物质有什么影响?它将优化为亚毫秒计时,以研究中子星表面和黑洞事件视界自然时标的现象,并测量黑洞的质量和自旋。这些测量是协同成像和高分辨率光谱仪器,解决更小的距离尺度比可能没有很长的基线X射线干涉测量,并使用互补技术来解决发射区域的几何形状和动态。天空监测器(2-50 keV)作为定点观测的触发器,提供高占空比、高时间分辨率的X射线天空监测,灵敏度约为RXTE全天监测器的20倍,能够进行多波长和多信使研究。探测级飞行任务概念将采用轻型准直仪技术和大面积固态探测器,这些技术最近在欧空局M3研究期间得到了极大的发展。鉴于对LOFT感兴趣的大型社区(>800名支持者),预计该任务的科学生产力非常高,类似于或大于RXTE(约2000篇参考文献)。我们描述了一项研究的结果,最近完成的MSFC先进概念办公室,表明LOFT-P是可行的NASA探测级任务预算。
英文摘要:
LOFT-P is a concept for a NASA Astrophysics Probe-Class (<$1B) X-ray timing mission, based on the LOFT concept originally proposed to ESAs M3 and M4 calls. LOFT-P requires very large collecting area (>6 m^2, >10x RXTE), high time resolution, good spectral resolution, broad-band spectral coverage (2-30 keV), highly flexible scheduling, and an ability to detect and respond promptly to time-critical targets of opportunity. It addresses science questions such as: What is the equation of state of ultra dense matter? What are the effects of strong gravity on matter spiraling into black holes? It would be optimized for sub-millisecond timing to study phenomena at the natural timescales of neutron star surfaces and black hole event horizons and to measure mass and spin of black holes. These measurements are synergistic to imaging and high-resolution spectroscopy instruments, addressing much smaller distance scales than are possible without very long baseline X-ray interferometry, and using complementary techniques to address the geometry and dynamics of emission regions. A sky monitor (2-50 keV) acts as a trigger for pointed observations, providing high duty cycle, high time resolution monitoring of the X-ray sky with ~20 times the sensitivity of the RXTE All-Sky Monitor, enabling multi-wavelength and multi-messenger studies. A probe-class mission concept would employ lightweight collimator technology and large-area solid-state detectors, technologies which have been recently greatly advanced during the ESA M3 study. Given the large community interested in LOFT (>800 supporters, the scientific productivity of this mission is expected to be very high, similar to or greater than RXTE (~2000 refereed publications). We describe the results of a study, recently completed by the MSFC Advanced Concepts Office, that demonstrates that LOFT-P is feasible within a NASA probe-class mission budget.
Optimisation of the design for the LOFT Large Area Detector Module
LOFT(X射线定时大型天文台)是一个X射线定时天文台,与其他四个候选者一起,被欧空局视为M3任务(2022-2024年发射),并在广泛的评估阶段进行了研究。它的主要仪器是大面积探测器(LAD),这是一种在2-30 keV范围内工作的10 m 2级仪器,旨在以前所未有的分辨率对紧凑物体进行X射线计时,分辨率低至毫秒时间尺度。虽然LOFT没有被选中发射,但在评估过程中,大多数权衡已经结束,导致一个强大的和有据可查的设计,将在未来的欧空局电话中重新提出。LAD仪器的构建块是模块,在本文中,我们总结了模块概念的基本原理,模块的特点和权衡/优化,导致目前的设计。
The digital data processing concepts of the LOFT mission
大型X射线计时天文台(LOFT)是欧空局考虑用于M3任务的五个候选任务之一(发射机会在2022 - 2024年)。LOFT有两种仪器:大面积探测器(LAD)和宽视场监视器(WFM)。LAD是一种10 m 2级仪器,其收集面积约为迄今为止最大定时任务(RXTE)的15倍,首次结合CCD级光谱分辨率。WFM将持续监测天空并识别源状态的变化,检测瞬态和突发现象,并允许任务对此做出响应。使用LAD的有效面积观测最亮的X射线源会导致巨大的数据速率,这些数据速率需要在多个级别上进行处理,并在船上实时进行过滤和压缩。另一方面,WFM数据处理对数据速率的约束相当低,但需要算法来找到探测器上的光子相互作用位置,然后对探测器图像进行去卷积,以获得观测到的瞬态源的天空坐标。在下文中,我们将概述在研究阶段开发的数据处理概念。
Simulations of a 2 x 1.5D coded aperture camera for X-ray astronomy
SRON Space Research Organization Netherlands(荷兰空间研究所);INAF-IAPS Roma(罗马国家天体物理研究所);Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC)(空间科学研究所);Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)(加泰罗尼亚空间研究学院)
本文研究了用于X射线天文观测的2 x 1.5D编码孔径相机的设计与性能,采用IROS和MLM两种解码算法,旨在提高X射线源识别和观测精度。