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arXiv 1607.03432cs.DScs.CC
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多色复杂性的紧下界

Tight lower bounds for the complexity of multicoloring

Marthe Bonamy, Łukasz Kowalik, Michał Pilipczuk, Arkadiusz Socała, Marcin Wrochna

摘要:

在多色问题中,也称为($a$:$b$)-着色或$b$ -fold着色,我们给定一个图G和一组$a$颜色,任务是将$b$颜色的子集分配给G的每个顶点,使得相邻顶点接收不相交的颜色子集。经典着色问题的这种自然推广($b=1$情形)等价于找到Kneser图$KG_{a,b}$的同态,并给出接近分数色数的松弛。研究了判定图是否具有($a$:$b$)-着色的复杂性.我们的主要结果是,这个问题不承认一个算法的运行时间$f(b)\cdot 2^{o(\log b)\cdot n}$,任何可计算的$f(b)$,除非指数时间假设(ETH)失败。Nederlof [2008]提出的$(b+1)^n\cdot \text{poly}(n)$ -时间算法表明这是严格的。我们的结果的一个直接推论是,图同态问题不承认一个$2^{O(n+h)}$算法,除非ETH失败,即使目标图被要求是一个Kneser图。这完善了Cygan等人最近给出的下限[SODA 2016]的理解。降低硬度的关键因素是使用Lindström检测矩阵[Canad. Math. Bull.,1965年],这是一个组合工具,据我们所知,尚未被用于证明复杂性下限。作为一个附带的结果,我们证明了Abasi等人的算法的运行时间。[MFCS 2014]和Gabizon等人的算法。[ESA 2015]在ETH下对于r-单项式检测问题是最优的。

英文摘要:

In the multicoloring problem, also known as ($a$:$b$)-coloring or $b$-fold coloring, we are given a graph G and a set of $a$ colors, and the task is to assign a subset of $b$ colors to each vertex of G so that adjacent vertices receive disjoint color subsets. This natural generalization of the classic coloring problem (the $b=1$ case) is equivalent to finding a homomorphism to the Kneser graph $KG_{a,b}$, and gives relaxations approaching the fractional chromatic number. We study the complexity of determining whether a graph has an ($a$:$b$)-coloring. Our main result is that this problem does not admit an algorithm with running time $f(b)\cdot 2^{o(\log b)\cdot n}$, for any computable $f(b)$, unless the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) fails. A $(b+1)^n\cdot \text{poly}(n)$-time algorithm due to Nederlof [2008] shows that this is tight. A direct corollary of our result is that the graph homomorphism problem does not admit a $2^{O(n+h)}$ algorithm unless ETH fails, even if the target graph is required to be a Kneser graph. This refines the understanding given by the recent lower bound of Cygan et al. [SODA 2016]. The crucial ingredient in our hardness reduction is the usage of detecting matrices of Lindström [Canad. Math. Bull., 1965], which is a combinatorial tool that, to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been used for proving complexity lower bounds. As a side result, we prove that the running time of the algorithms of Abasi et al. [MFCS 2014] and of Gabizon et al. [ESA 2015] for the r-monomial detection problem are optimal under ETH.

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