In this paper we study the notion of estimation entropy recently established by Liberzon and Mitra. This quantity measures the smallest rate of information about the state of a dynamical system above which an exponential state estimation with a given exponent is possible. We show that this concept is closely related to the $α$-entropy introduced by Thieullen and we give a lower estimate in terms of Lyapunov exponents assuming that the system preserves an absolutely continuous measure with a bounded density, which includes in particular Hamiltonian and symplectic systems. Although in its current form mainly interesting from a theoretical point of view, our result could be a first step towards a more practical analysis of state estimation under communication constraints.
In this paper we solve a problem about the Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger operator with potential $v(θ)=2λcos2πθ/(1-αcos2πθ),\ (|α|<1)$ in physics. With the help of the formula of Lyapunov exponent in the spectrum, the coexistence of zero Lyapunov exponent and positive Lyapunov exponent for some parameters is first proved, and there exists a curve that separates them. The spectrum in the region of positive Lyapunov exponent is purely pure point spectrum with exponentially decaying eigenfunctions for almost every frequency and almost every phase. From the research, we realize that the infinite potential …
In this paper, two types of Lyapunov exponents: random Lyapunov exponents and directional Lyapunov exponents, and the corresponding entropies: random entropy and directional entropy, are considered for smooth $\mathbb{Z}^k$-actions. The close relation among these quantities are investigated and the formulas of them are given via the Lyapunov exponents of the generators.
Tempered exponential dichotomy formulates the nonuniform hyperbolicity for random dynamical systems. It was described by admissibility of a pair of function classes defined with Lyapunov norms, For MET-systems (systems satisfying the assumptions of multiplicative ergodic theorem (abbreviated as MET)), it can be described by admissibility of a pair without a Lyapunov norm. However, it is not known how to choose a suitable Lyapunov norms before a tempered exponential dichotomy is given, and there are examples of random systems which are not MET-systems but have a tempered exponential dichotomy. …
We prove that, for semi-invertible linear cocycles, Lyapunov exponents of ergodic measures may be approximated by Lyapunov exponents on periodic points.
The Lyapunov exponent characterizes an exponential growth rate of the difference of nearby orbits. A positive Lyapunov exponent is a manifestation of chaos. Here, we propose the Lyapunov pair, which is based on the generalized Lyapunov exponent, as a unified characterization of non-exponential and exponential dynamical instabilities in one-dimensional maps. Chaos is classified into three different types, i.e., super-exponential, exponential, and sub-exponential dynamical instabilities. Using one-dimensional maps, we demonstrate super-exponential and sub-exponential chaos and quantify the dynam…
We prove that if $μ$ is a finitely supported measure on $\text{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ with positive Lyapunov exponent but not uniformly hyperbolic, then the Lyapunov exponent function is not $α$-Hölder around $μ$ for any $α$ exceeding the Shannon entropy of $μ$ over the Lyapunov exponent of $μ$.
One knows that the set of quasi-periodic Schrödinger cocycles with positive Lyapunov exponent is open and dense in the analytic topology. In this paper, we construct cocycles with positive Lyapunov exponent which can be approximated by ones with zero Lyapunov exponent in the space of ${\cal C}^ l$ ($1 \le l\le \infty$) smooth quasi-periodic cocycles. As a consequence, the set of quasi-periodic Schrödinger cocycles with positive Lyapunov exponent is not ${\cal C}^ l$ open.
In this work we study relations between regularity of invariant foliations and Lyapunov exponents of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. We suggest a new regularity condition for foliations in terms of desintegration of Lebesgue measure which can be considered as a criterium for rigidity of Lyapunov exponents.
We prove that Sp(2d;R), HSp(2d) and pseudo unitary cocycles with at least one non-zero Lyapunov exponent are dense in all usual regularity classes for non periodic dynamical systems. For Schrödinger operators on the strip, we prove a similar result for density of positive Lyapunov exponents.
We show that SL(2,R) cocycles with a positive Lyapunov exponent are dense in all regularity classes and for all non-periodic dynamical systems. For Schrödinger cocycles, we show prevalence of potentials for which the Lyapunov exponent is positive for a dense set of energies.
In this paper we establish uniform large deviations estimates of exponential type and Hölder continuity of the Lyapunov exponents for random non-invertible cocycles with constant rank.
In this article we revisit the perturbation of exponential trichotomy of linear difference equation in Banach space by using a Perron-Lyapunov fixed point formulation for the perturbed evolution operator. This approach allows us to directly re-construct the perturbed semiflow without using shift spectrum arguments. These arguments are presented to the case of linear autonomous discrete time dynamical system. This result is then coupled to Howland semigroup procedure to obtain the persistence of exponential trichotomy for non-autonomous difference equations as well as for linear random differen…
We give a new proof of E. Le Page's theorem on the Holder continuity of the first Lyapunov exponent in the class of irreducible Bernoulli cocycles. This suggests an algorithm to approximate the first Lyapunov exponent, as well as the stationary measure, for such random cocycles.
This paper is concerned with relationships of Lyapunov exponents with sensitivity and stability for non-autonomous discrete systems. Some new concepts are introduced for non-autonomous discrete systems, including Lyapunov exponents, strong sensitivity at a point and in a set, Lyapunov stability, and exponential asymptotical stability. It is shown that the positive Lyapunov exponent at a point implies strong sensitivity for a class of non-autonomous discrete systems. Furthermore, the uniformly positive Lyapunov exponents in a totally invariant set imply strong sensitivity in this set under cert…
The Lyapunov exponents of GL(2)-cocycles over Markov shifts depend continuously on the underlying data, that is, on the matrix coefficients and the Markov measure transition probabilities.
Consider a $C^1$ vector field together with an ergodic invariant probability that has $\ell$ nonzero Lyapunov exponents. Using orthonormal moving frames along certain transitive orbits we construct a linear system of $\ell$ differential equations which is a reduced form of Liao's "standard system". We show that the Lyapunov exponents of this linear system coincide with all the nonzero exponents of the given vector field with respect to the given probability. Moreover, we prove that these Lyapunov exponents have a persistence property that implies that a "Liao perturbation" preserves both sign …
We construct an invariant measure for a piecewise analytic interval map whose Lyapunov exponent is not defined. Moreover, for a set of full measure, the pointwise Lyapunov exponent is not defined. This map has a Lorenz-like singularity and non-flat critical points.
Chaotic dynamics with sensitive dependence on initial conditions may result in exponential decay of correlation functions. We show that for one-dimensional interval maps the corresponding quantities, that is, Lyapunov exponents and exponential decay rates are related. For piecewise linear expanding Markov maps observed via piecewise analytic functions we provide explicit bounds of the decay rate in terms of the Lyapunov exponent. In addition, we comment on similar relations for general piecewise smooth expanding maps.
We show that the top Lyapunov exponent $λ_+(p)$ , $p = (p_1, \cdots, p_N)$ with $p_i >0$ for each $i$, associated with a random product of quasi-periodic cocycles depends real analytically on the transition probabilities $p$ whenever $λ_+(p)$ is simple. Moreover if the spectrum at $p$ is simple (all Lyapunov exponents having multiplicity one ) then all Lyapunov exponents depend real analytically on $p$.
We prove that in an open and dense set, Symplectic linear cocycles over time one maps of Anosov flows, have positive Lyapunov exponents for SRB measures.
We study the connection between the Lyapunov exponents and the volume growth of boundary distortion of regions in the phase space of the dynamical system.
The Lyapunov exponents of locally constant GL(2;C)-cocycles over Bernoulli shifts depend continuously on the cocycle and on the invariant probability. The Oseledets decomposition also depends continuously on the cocycle, in measure.
It has been recently realized that for abundant dynamical systems on a compact manifold, the set of points for which Lyapunov exponents fail to exist, called the Lyapunov irregular set, has positive Lebesgue measure. In the present paper, we show that under any physical noise, the Lyapunov irregular set has zero Lebesgue measure and the number of such Lyapunov exponents is finite. This result is a Lyapunov exponent version of Araújo's theorem on the existence and finitude of time averages. Furthermore, we numerically compute the Lyapunov exponents for a surface flow with an attracting heterocl…
In this article, we consider the ergodic optimization of the top Lyapunov exponent. We prove that there is a unique maximising measure of top Lyapunov expoent for typical matrix cocyles. By using the results we obtain, we prove that in any non-uniquely ergodic minimal dynamical system, the Lyapunov-irregular points are typical for typical matrix cocyles.
We consider locally minimizing measures for the conservative twist maps of the $d$-dimensional annulus or for the Tonelli Hamiltonian flows defined on a cotangent bundle $T^*M$. For weakly hyperbolic such measures (i.e. measures with no zero Lyapunov exponents), we prove that the mean distance/angle between the stable and the unstable Oseledet's bundles gives an upper bound of the sum of the positive Lyapunov exponents and a lower bound of the smallest positive Lyapunov exponent. Some more precise results are proved too.
In this paper, we consider a monic, centred, hyperbolic polynomial of degree $d \ge 2$, restricted on its Julia set and compute its Lyapunov exponents with respect to certain weighted Lyubich's measures. In particular, we show a certain well-behavedness of some coefficients of the Lyapunov exponents, that quantifies the non-well-behavedness in a system.
Nowadays the Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension have become so widespread and common that they are often used without references to the rigorous definitions or pioneering works. It may lead to a confusion since there are at least two well-known definitions, which are used in computations: the upper bounds of the exponential growth rate of the norms of linearized system solutions (Lyapunov characteristic exponents, LCEs) and the upper bounds of the exponential growth rate of the singular values of the fundamental matrix of linearized system (Lyapunov exponents, LEs). In this work the rel…
We prove that the Bochi-Mañé theorem is false, in general, for linear cocycles over non-invertible maps: there are C0-open subsets of linear cocycles that are not uniformly hyperbolic and yet have Lyapunov exponents bounded from zero.
We prove that, for semi-invertible continuous cocycles, continuity of Lyapunov exponents is equivalent to continuity, in measure, of Oseledets subspaces.
In this article, we study the minimizing measures of the Tonelli Hamiltonians. More precisely, we study the relationships between the so-called Green bundles and various notions as: - the Lyapunov exponents of minimizing measures; -the weak KAM solutions. In particular, we deduce that the support of every minimizing measure all of whose Lyapunov exponents are zero is C1-regular almost everywhere.
In this short note we describe a simple but remarkably effective method for rigorously estimating Lyapunov exponents for expanding maps of the interval. We illustrate the applicability of this method with some standard examples.
Given a new definition for the entropy of a cellular automata acting on a two-dimensional space, we propose an inequality between the entropy of the shift on a two-dimensional lattice and some angular analog of Lyapunov exponents.
In this paper, we study the existence of $n$-dimensional linear stochastic differential equations (SDEs) such that the sign of Lyapunov exponents is changed under an exponentially decaying perturbation. First, we show that the equation with all positive Lyapunov exponents will have $n-1$ linearly independent solutions with negative Lyapunov exponents under the perturbation. Meanwhile, we prove that the equation with all negative Lyapunov exponents will also have solutions with positive Lyapunov exponents under another similar perturbation. Finally, we also show that other three kinds of pertur…
Let (M,d) be a compact metric space and f:M --> M an expansive homeomorphism. We define Lyapunov exponents L(f,m)_{max} and l(f,mu)_{min} for an f-invariant measure m. When L(f,m)_{max} > 0 and l(f,mu)_{min} < 0 can be interpreted as a weak form of hyperbolicity for f. We prove that if M is a Peano space then there is g>0 such that L(f,m)_{max} > g and l(f,m)_{min}< - g. We also show that the hypothesis that M is a Peano space is necessary to obtain the maximal Lyapunov exponent positive and the minimal Lyapunov exponent negative. Moreover we define Lyapunov exponents for K, a compact f-invari…
We prove the Hölder continuity of the Lyapunov exponent for quasi-periodic Schrödinger cocycles with a $C^2$ cos-type potential and any fixed Liouvillean frequency, provided the coupling constant is sufficiently large. Moreover, the Hölder exponent is independent of the frequency and the coupling constant.
For any polynomial map with a single critical point, we prove that its lower Lyapunov exponent at the critical value is negative if and only if the map has an attracting cycle. Similar statement holds for the exponential maps and some other complex dynamical systems. We prove further that for the unicritical polynomials with positive area Julia sets almost every point of the Julia set has zero Lyapunov exponent. Part of this statement generalizes as follows: every point with positive upper Lyapunov exponent in the Julia set of an arbitrary polynomial is not a Lebegue density point.
We show that for any doubling map generated $C^1$ monotone potential with derivative uniformly bounded away from zero, the Lyapunov exponent of the associated Schrödinger operators is uniformly positive for all energies provided the coupling constant is large.
We study Lyapunov exponents for flat bundles over hyperbolic curves defined via parallel transport over the geodesic flow. We consider them as invariants on the space of Hitchin representations and show that there is a gap between any two consecutive Lyapunov exponents. Moreover we characterize the uniformizing representation of the Riemann surface as the one with the extremal gaps. The strategy of the proof is to relate Lyapunov exponents in the case of Anosov representations to other invariants, where the gap result is already available or where we can directly show it. In particular, firstl…
We explore some properties of Lyapunov exponents of measures preserved by smooth maps of the interval, and study the behaviour of the Lyapunov exponents under topological conjugacy.
We prove a conjecture of Viana which states that Lyapunov exponents vary continuously when restricted to $GL(2,\mathbb{R})$-valued cocycles over a subshift of finite type which admit invariant holonomies that depend continuously on the cocycle.
We survey a collection of recent results on center Lyapunov exponents of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. We explain several ideas in simplified setups and formulate the general versions of results. We also pose some open questions.
We show that linear analytic cocycles where all Lyapunov exponents are negative infinite are nilpotent. For such one-frequency cocycles we show that they can be analytically conjugated to an upper triangular cocycle or a Jordan normal form. As a consequence, an arbitrarily small analytic perturbation leads to distinct Lyapunov exponents. Moreover, in the one-frequency case where the $k$-th Lyapunov exponent is finite and the $k+1$st negative infinite, we obtain a simple criterion for domination in which case there is a splitting into a nilpotent part and an invertible part.
In the present paper, the reducibility is derived for linear wave equation of finite smooth and time-quasi-periodic potential subject to Dirichlet boundary condition. Moreover, it is proved that the corresponding wave operator possesses the property of pure point spectra and zero Lyapunov exponent.
For a right-invariant control system on a flag manifold $\mathbb{F}_Θ$ of a real semisimple Lie group, we relate the $\mathfrak{a}$-Lyapunov exponents to the Lyapunov exponents of the system over regular points. Moreover, we adapt the concept of partial hyperbolicity from the theory of smooth dynamical systems to control-affine systems, and we completely characterize the partially hyperbolic chain control sets on $\mathbb{F}_Θ$.
We provide conditions which imply the continuity of the Lyapunov exponents for non-uniformly fiber-bunched cocycles in $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$. The main theorem is an extension of the result of Backes, Brown and Butler and gives a partial answer to a conjecture of Marcelo Viana.
Ergodic optimization is the study of extremal values of asymptotic dynamical quantities such as Birkhoff averages or Lyapunov exponents, and of the orbits or invariant measures that attain them. We discuss some results and problems.
We study strange non-chaotic attractors in a class of quasiperiodically forced monotone interval maps known as pinched skew products. We prove that the probability of positive time-N Lyapunov exponents, with respect to the unique physical measure on the attractor, decays exponentially as N goes to infinity. The motivation for this work comes from the study of finite-time Lyapunov exponents as possible early-warning signals of critical transitions in the context of forced dynamics.
We investigate the Lyapunov Exponents of a variation of Hodge structure which has $G_2$ as geometric monodromy group, and discuss formulas for the sum of positive Lyapunov Exponents of variations of Hodge structures of any weight.
We show that for a large class of potential functions and big coupling constant $λ$ the Schrödinger cocycle over the expanding map $x\mapsto bx ~( \text{mod} 1)$ on $\mathbb{T}$ has a Lyapunov exponent $>(\logλ)/4$ for all energies, provided that the integer $b\geq λ^3$.
A theorem of Viana says that almost all cocycles over any hyperbolic system have nonvanishing Lyapunov exponents. In this note we extend this result to cocycles on any noncompact classical semisimple Lie group.
We collect some applications of the variational formula established by Schröder (1988) and Rueß(2013) for the quenched Lyapunov exponent of Brownian motion in stationary and ergodic nonnegative potential. We show for example that the Lyapunov exponent for nondeterministic potential is strictly lower than the Lyapunov exponent for the averaged potential. The behaviour of the Lyapunov exponent under independent perturbations of the underlying potential is examined. And with the help of counterexamples we are able to give a detailed picture of the continuity properties of the Lyapunov exponent.
We consider symplectic cocycles over two classes of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms: having compact center leaves and time one maps of Anosov flows. We prove that the Lyapunov exponents are non-zero in an open and dense set in the Hölder topology.
We consider the irrational Aubry-Mather sets of an exact symplectic monotone twist map and explain what is the link between the Lyapunov exponents and the shape of such a set. The main tools that we use in the proofs are the so-called Green bundles.
Let $M$ be a 2$d-$dimensional compact connected Riemannian manifold and $ω$ be a symplectic form on $M$. In this paper, we prove that a symplectic diffeomorphism, with all Lyapunov exponent zero for almost everywhere, can be $C^1$ approximated by one with a positive Lyapunov exponent for a positive-measured subset of $M$. That is, the set \[ \left\{ f\in \mathcal{S}ym^1_ω(M)\,| \begin{array}{ll} &\mbox{The largest Lyapunov exponent }λ_1(f,\,x)>0\\ &\mbox{ for a positive measure set } \end{array} \right\} \] is dense in $\mathcal{S}ym^1_ω(M)$. \end{abstract} \end{center}
We outline the flexibility program in smooth dynamics, focusing on flexibility of Lyapunov exponents for volume-preserving diffeomorphisms. We prove flexibility results for Anosov diffeomorphisms admitting dominated splittings into one-dimensional bundles.
We prove that the Lyapunov exponents, cosidered as functions of measures with non compact support, are semicontinuous with respect to the Wasserstein topology but not with respect to the weak* topology. Moreover, we prove that they are not continuous in the Wasserstein topology.
