Bordered Floer homology for manifolds with torus boundary via immersed curves
Jonathan Hanselman, Jacob Rasmussen, Liam Watson
备注：
87 pages, 63 figures. Version 3: Revised and expanded following referee comments; this version accepted to Journal of the American Mathematical Society. Version 2: Major rewrite removing the loop-type hypothesis and improving applications. Some material has been omitted from this version and will appear in a forthcoming companion paper
本文给出了带环面边界流形的有界 Heegaard Floer 同调的一种几何解释。若 M 是这样的流形，我们证明 D 型结构 \widehat{\mathit{CFD}} 可被视为 ∂M 中一组装饰有局部系统的浸入曲线。这些带装饰的曲线是底层三维流形的不变量，其等价关系由曲线的正则同伦与局部系统的同构给出。给定两个这样的流形以及边界环面之间的同胚 h，通过 h 粘合所得闭流形的 Heegaard Floer 同调可由曲线集合的 Lagrange 交 Floer 同调得到。该工具有若干应用：我们证明在某类度一映射（pinch，捏合映射）下 \widehat{\mathit{HF}} 的维数会下降，并证明本质分离环面的存在给出 \widehat{\mathit{HF}} 维数的一个下界。特别地，由此可得，若素有理同调球面 Y 满足 \widehat{\mathit{HF}}(Y)<5，则 Y 必为几何流形。其他结果包括：重新证明 Efhmany 关于 L-space 同调球面是非环面流形的定理；用粘合数据完整刻画环面型 L-space；以及证明 Hom、Lidman 和 Vafaee 关于卫星 L-space 纽结的一个猜想。
英文摘要：
This paper gives a geometric interpretation of bordered Heegaard Floer homology for manifolds with torus boundary. If $M$ is such a manifold, we show that the type D structure $\widehat{\mathit{CFD}}$ may be viewed as a set of immersed curves decorated with local systems in $\partial M$. These curves-with-decoration are invariants of the underlying three-manifold up to regular homotopy of the curves and isomorphism of the local systems. Given two such manifolds and a homeomorphism $h$ between the boundary tori, the Heegaard Floer homology of the closed manifold obtained by gluing with $h$ is obtained from the Lagrangian intersection Floer homology of the curve-sets. This machinery has several applications: We establish that the dimension of $\widehat{\mathit{HF}}$ decreases under a certain class of degree one maps (pinches) and we establish that the existence of an essential separating torus gives rise to a lower bound on the dimension of $\widehat{\mathit{HF}}$. In particular, it follows that a prime rational homology sphere $Y$ with $\widehat{\mathit{HF}}(Y)<5$ must be geometric. Other results include a new proof of Eftekhary's theorem that L-space homology spheres are atoroidal; a complete characterisation of toroidal L-spaces in terms of gluing data; and a proof of a conjecture of Hom, Lidman, and Vafaee on satellite L-space knots.
Using bordered Floer theory, we give a combinatorial construction and proof of invariance for the hat version of Heegaard Floer homology. As a part of the proof, we also establish combinatorially the invariance of the linear-categorical representation of the strongly-based mapping class groupoid given by the same theory.
For a knot K and its knot Floer complex CFK^-(K), we introduce an algorithm to compute the bordered Floer bimodule of the complement of the knot and its meridian. The grading of the module computes spin^c-summands of a meridional knot in the large Dehn surgery manifold, which can be also extended to arbitrary framing n.
We show that bordered Heegaard Floer homology detects incompressible surfaces and bordered-sutured Floer homology detects partly boundary parallel tangles and bridges, in natural ways. For example, there is a bimodule Lambda so that the tensor product of CFD(Y) and Lambda is Hom-orthogonal to CFD(Y) if and only if the boundary of Y admits an essential compressing disk. In the process, we sharpen a nonvanishing result of Ni's. We also extend Lipshitz-Ozsváth-Thurston's "factoring" algorithm for computing HF-hat to compute bordered-sutured Floer homology, to make both results on detecting incomp…
We prove that, up to local equivalences, a suitable truncation of the involutive knot Floer homology of a knot in $S^3$ and the involutive bordered Heegaard Floer theory of its complement determine each other. In particular, given two knots $K_1$ and $K_2$, we prove that the $\mathbb{F}_2[U,V]/(UV)$-coefficient involutive knot Floer homology of $K_1 \sharp -K_2$ is $ι_K$-locally trivial if $\widehat{CFD}(S^3 \backslash K_1)$ and $\widehat{CFD}(S^2 \backslash K_2)$ satisfy a certain condition which can be seen as the bordered counterpart of $ι_K$-local equivalence. We further establish an expli…
We perform two explicit computations of bordered Heegaard Floer invariants. The first is the type D trimodule associated to the trivial S^1 bundle over the pair of pants P. The second is a bimodule that is necessary for self-gluing, when two torus boundary components of a bordered manifold are glued to each other. Using the results of these two computations, we describe an algorithm for computing HF-hat of any graph manifold.
We use bordered Floer homology to give a formula for the knot Floer homology of any (p, pn+1)-cable of a thin knot K in terms of Delta_K(t), tau(K), p, and n. We also give a formula for the Ozsvath-Szabo concordance invariant tau(K_{p, pn+1}) in terms of tau(K), p, and n, and a formula for tau(K_{p,q}) for almost all relatively prime p and q.
We use bordered Heegaard Floer homology to compute the tau invariant of a family of satellite knots obtained via twisted infection along two components of the Borromean rings, a generalization of Whitehead doubling. We show that tau of the resulting knot depends only on the two twisting parameters and the values of tau for the two companion knots. We also include some notes on bordered Heegaard Floer homology that may serve as a useful introduction to the subject.
We show that the bordered-sutured Floer invariant of the complement of a tangle in an arbitrary 3-manifold $Y$, with minimal conditions on the bordered-sutured structure, satisfies an unoriented skein exact triangle. This generalizes a theorem by Manolescu for links in $S^3$. We give a theoretical proof of this result by adapting holomorphic polygon counts to the bordered-sutured setting, and also give a combinatorial description of all maps involved and explicitly compute them. We then show that, for $Y = S^3$, our exact triangle coincides with Manolescu's. Finally, we provide a graded versio…
We use bordered Floer theory to study properties of twisted Mazur pattern satellite knots $Q_{n}(K)$. We prove that $Q_n(K)$ is not Floer homologically thin, with two exceptions. We calculate the 3-genus of $Q_{n}(K)$ in terms of the twisting parameter $n$ and the 3-genus of the companion $K$, and we determine when $Q_n(K)$ is fibered. As an application to our results on Floer thickness and 3-genus, we verify the Cosmetic Surgery Conjecture for many of these satellite knots.
Using bordered Floer theory, we construct an invariant $\widehat{\mathit{HFO}}(Y^{\text{orb}})$ for $3$-orbifolds $Y^{\text{orb}}$ with singular set a knot that generalizes the hat flavor $\widehat{\mathit{HF}}(Y)$ of Heegaard Floer homology for closed $3$-manifolds $Y$. We show that for a large class of $3$-orbifolds, $\widehat{\mathit{HFO}}$ behaves like $\widehat{\mathit{HF}}$ in that $\widehat{\mathit{HFO}}$, together with a relative $\mathbb{Z}_2$-grading, categorifies the order of $H_1^{\text{orb}}$. When $Y^{\text{orb}}$ arises as Dehn surgery on an integer-framed knot in $S^3$, we use …
We consider the following question: when is the manifold obtained by gluing together two knot complements an $L$-space? Hedden and Levine proved that splicing 0-framed complements of nontrivial knots never produces an $L$-space. We extend this result to allow for arbitrary integer framings. We find that splicing two integer framed nontrivial knot complements only produces an $L$-space if both knots are $L$-space knots and the framings lie in an appropriate range. The proof involves a careful analysis of the bordered Heegaard Floer invariants of each knot complement.
We give a combinatorial proof of the quasi-invertibility of $\widehat{CFDD}(\mathbb{I}_\mathcal{Z})$ in bordered Heegaard Floer homology, which implies a Koszul self-duality on the dg-algebra $\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{Z})$, for each pointed matched circle $\mathcal{Z}$. This is done by giving an explicit description of a rank 1 model for $\widehat{CFAA}(\mathbb{I}_\mathcal{Z})$, the quasi-inverse of $\widehat{CFDD}(\mathbb{I}_\mathcal{Z})$. This description is obtained by applying homological perturbation theory to a larger, previously known model of $\widehat{CFAA}(\mathbb{I}_\mathcal{Z})$.
Bordered Heegaard Floer homology is an invariant for 3-manifolds, which associates to a surface F an algebra A(F), and to a 3-manifold Y with boundary, together with an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism from F to the boundary of Y, a module over A(F). In a previous paper, we defined relative Z/2 differential gradings on the algebra A(F) and the modules over it. In this paper, we turn the relative grading into an absolute one, and show that the resulting Z/2-graded module is an invariant of the bordered 3-manifold.
We define a concordance invariant, epsilon(K), associated to the knot Floer complex of K, and give a formula for the Ozsváth-Szabó concordance invariant tau of K_{p,q}, the (p,q)-cable of a knot K, in terms of p, q, tau(K), and epsilon(K). We also describe the behavior of epsilon under cabling, allowing one to compute tau of iterated cables. Various properties and applications of epsilon are also discussed.
In the bordered Floer theory, gluing thickened torus of positive meridional Dehn twist to the boundary of a knot complement result in the knot complement of increased framing. For a fixed knot K, we construct a direct system of positively framed knot complements and study the direct limit. We also study the morphism space between two type-DD modules, and derive type-DA morphisms from DD morphisms to derive the direct system maps. In addition, we introduce a direct limit invariant from the direct system which can detect non-unstable chains in the type-D module of a knot complement, if the type-…
This is a survey of bordered Heegaard Floer homology, an extension of the Heegaard Floer invariant HF-hat to 3-manifolds with boundary. Emphasis is placed on how bordered Heegaard Floer homology can be used for computations.
We establish a framework for extending invariants of sutured manifolds to invariants of pairs of sutured manifolds who differ by attaching a basic slice along a torus boundary component. In the particular case of (bordered-)sutured Floer homology we show that this recovers the bordered-sutured Floer homology of a corresponding bordered-sutured three-manifold - though the framework is broad enough that it should be applicable in the setting of other invariants of sutured manifolds.
We outline an interpretation of Heegaard-Floer homology of 3-manifolds (closed or with boundary) in terms of the symplectic topology of symmetric products of Riemann surfaces, as suggested by recent work of Tim Perutz and Yanki Lekili. In particular we discuss the connection between the Fukaya category of the symmetric product and the bordered algebra introduced by Robert Lipshitz, Peter Ozsvath and Dylan Thurston, and recast bordered Heegaard-Floer homology in this language.
In this paper, we construct a canonical grading on bordered Heegaard Floer homology by homotopy classes of nonvanishing vector fields. This grading is a generalization of our construction of an absolute grading on Heegaard Floer homology and it extends the well-known grading with values in a noncommutative group defined by Lipshitz-Ozsváth-Thurston.
The main goal of this paper is to discuss a symplectic interpretation of Lipshitz, Ozsvath and Thurston's bordered Heegaard-Floer homology in terms of Fukaya categories of symmetric products and Lagrangian correspondences. More specifically, we give a description of the algebra A(F) which appears in the work of Lipshitz, Ozsvath and Thurston in terms of (partially wrapped) Floer homology for product Lagrangians in the symmetric product, and outline how bordered Heegaard-Floer homology itself can conjecturally be understood in this language.
We show that the integer homology sphere obtained by splicing two nontrivial knot complements in integer homology sphere L-spaces has Heegaard Floer homology rank strictly greater than one. In particular, splicing the complements of nontrivial knots in the 3-sphere never produces an L-space. The proof uses bordered Floer homology.
Heegaard Floer theory is a kind of topological quantum field theory, assigning graded groups to closed, connected, oriented 3-manifolds and group homomorphisms to smooth, oriented 4-dimensional cobordisms. Bordered Heegaard Floer homology is an extension of Heegaard Floer homology to 3-manifolds with boundary, with extended-TQFT-type gluing properties. In this survey, we explain the formal structure and construction of bordered Floer homology and sketch how it can be used to compute some aspects of Heegaard Floer theory.
Let $K$ denote a knot inside the homology sphere $Y$. The zero-framed longitude of $K$ gives the complement of $K$ in $Y$ the structure of a bordered three-manifold, which may be denoted by $Y(K)$. We compute the quasi-isomorphism type of the bordered Floer complex of $Y(K)$ in terms of the knot Floer complex associated with $K$. As a corollary, we show that if a homology sphere has the same Heegaard Floer homology as $S^3$ it does not contain any incompressible tori. Consequently, if $Y$ is an irreducible homology sphere $L$-space then $Y$ is either $S^3$, or the Poicaré sphere $Σ(2,3,5)$, or…
Knot Floer homology is a knot invariant defined using holomorphic curves. In more recent work, taking cues from bordered Floer homology,the authors described another knot invariant, called "bordered knot Floer homology", which has an explicit algebraic and combinatorial construction. In the present paper, we extend the holomorphic theory to bordered Heegaard diagrams for partial knot projections, and establish a pairing result for gluing such diagrams, in the spirit of the pairing theorem of bordered Floer homology. After making some model calculations, we obtain an identification of a variant…
We describe some of the algebra underlying the decomposition of planar grid diagrams. This provides a useful toy model for an extension of Heegaard Floer homology to 3-manifolds with parametrized boundary. This paper is meant to serve as a gentle introduction to the subject, and does not itself have immediate topological applications.
Bordered Heegaard Floer homology is an invariant for 3-manifolds, which associates to a surface F an algebra A(Z), and to a 3-manifold Y with boundary, together with an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism ϕfrom F to \bdy Y, a module over A(Z). We study the Grothendieck group of modules over A(Z), and define an invariant lying in this group for every bordered 3-manifold. We prove that this invariant recovers the kernel of the inclusion of H_1(\bdy Y; Z) into H_1(Y; Z) if H_1(Y, \bdy Y; Z) is finite, and is 0 otherwise. We also study the properties of this invariant corresponding to gluing. As…
We define a sutured cobordism category of surfaces with boundary and 3-manifolds with corners. In this category a sutured 3-manifold is regarded as a morphism from the empty surface to itself. In the process we define a new class of geometric objects, called bordered sutured manifolds, that generalize both sutured 3-manifolds and bordered 3-manifolds. We extend the definition of bordered Floer homology to these objects, giving a functor from a decorated version of the sutured category to A-infinity algebras, and A-infinity bimodules. As an application we give a way to recover the sutured homol…
Bordered Heegaard Floer homology is a three-manifold invariant which associates to a surface F an algebra A(F) and to a three-manifold Y with boundary identified with F a module over A(F). In this paper, we establish naturality properties of this invariant. Changing the diffeomorphism between F and the boundary of Y tensors the bordered invariant with a suitable bimodule over A(F). These bimodules give an action of a suitably based mapping class group on the category of modules over A(F). The Hochschild homology of such a bimodule is identified with the knot Floer homology of the associated op…
Lipshitz, Ozsváth and Thurston defined a bordered Heegaard Floer invariant CFDA for 3-manifolds with two boundary components, including mapping cylinders for surface diffeomorphisms. We define a related invariant for certain 4-dimensional cobordisms with corners, by associating a morphism F from CFDA(f) to CFDA(g) to each such cobordism between two mapping cylinders f and g. Like the Ozsváth-Szabó invariants of cobordisms between closed 3-manifolds, this morphism arises from counting holomorphic triangles on Heegaard triples. We demonstrate that the homotopy class of the morphism F only depend…
Given a link in the three-sphere, Z. Szabó and the second author constructed a spectral sequence starting at the Khovanov homology of the link and converging to the Heegaard Floer homology of its branched double-cover. The aim of this paper and its sequel is to explicitly calculate this spectral sequence, using bordered Floer homology. There are two primary ingredients in this computation: an explicit calculation of filtered bimodules associated to Dehn twists and a pairing theorem for polygons. In this paper we give the first ingredient, and so obtain a combinatorial spectral sequence from Kh…
We introduce a contact invariant in the bordered sutured Heegaard Floer homology of a three-manifold with boundary. The input for the invariant is a contact manifold $(M, ξ, \mathcal{F})$ whose convex boundary is equipped with a signed singular foliation $\mathcal{F}$ closely related to the characteristic foliation. Such a manifold admits a family of foliated open book decompositions classified by a Giroux Correspondence, as described in earlier work of Licata and Vértesi. We use a special class of foliated open books to construct admissible bordered sutured Heegaard diagrams and identify well…
We discuss a relationship between Khovanov- and Heegaard Floer-type homology theories for braids. Explicitly, we define a filtration on the bordered Heegaard-Floer homology bimodule associated to the double-branched cover of a braid and show that its associated graded bimodule is equivalent to a similar bimodule defined by Khovanov and Seidel.
In two previous papers, the author showed how to decompose the Khovanov homology of a link $\mathcal{L}$ into the algebraic pairing of a type D structure and a type A structure (as defined in bordered Floer homology), whenever a diagram for $\mathcal{L}$ is decomposed into the union of two tangles. Since Khovanov homology is the categorification of a version of the Jones polynomial, it is natural to ask what the type A and type D structures categorify, and how their pairing is encoded in the decategorifications. In this paper, the author constructs the decategorifications of these two structur…
Given a link in the three-sphere, Ozsváth and Szabó showed that there is a spectral sequence starting at the Khovanov homology of the link and converging to the Heegaard Floer homology of its branched double cover. The aim of this paper is to explicitly calculate this spectral sequence in terms of bordered Floer homology. There are two primary ingredients in this computation: an explicit calculation of bimodules associated to Dehn twists, and a general pairing theorem for polygons. The previous part (arXiv:1011.0499) focuses on computing the bimodules; this part focuses on the pairing theorem …
We survey Ozsváth-Szabó's bordered approach to knot Floer homology. After a quick introduction to knot Floer homology, we introduce the relevant algebraic concepts ($\mathcal{A}_\infty$-modules, type $D$-structures, box tensor, etc.), we discuss partial Kauffman states, the construction of the boundary algebra, and sketch Ozsváth and Szabó's analytic construction of the type $D$-structure associated to an upper diagram. Finally we give an explicit description of the structure maps of the $DA$-bimodules of some elementary partial diagrams. These can be used to perform explicit computations of t…
We relate decategorifications of Ozsváth-Szabó's new bordered theory for knot Floer homology to representations of $\mathcal{U}_q(\mathfrak{gl}(1|1))$. Specifically, we consider two subalgebras $\mathcal{C}_r(n,\mathcal{S})$ and $\mathcal{C}_l(n,\mathcal{S})$ of Ozsváth- Szabó's algebra $\mathcal{B}(n,\mathcal{S})$, and identify their Grothendieck groups with tensor products of representations $V$ and $V^*$ of $\mathcal{U}_q(\mathfrak{gl}(1|1))$, where $V$ is the vector representation. We identify the decategorifications of Ozsváth-Szabó's DA bimodules for elementary tangles with corresponding…
We construct Heegaard Floer theory for 3-manifolds with connected boundary. The theory associates to an oriented, parametrized two-manifold a differential graded algebra. For a three-manifold with parametrized boundary, the invariant comes in two different versions, one of which (type D) is a module over the algebra and the other of which (type A) is an A-infinity module. Both are well-defined up to chain homotopy equivalence. For a decomposition of a 3-manifold into two pieces, the A-infinity tensor product of the type D module of one piece and the type A module from the other piece is HF^ of…
This paper is a short introduction to the combinatorial version of tangle Floer homology defined in "Combinatorial tangle Floer homology". There are two equivalent definitions---one in terms of strand diagrams, and one in terms of bordered grid diagrams. We present both, discuss the correspondence, and carry out some explicit computations.
We give a partial characterization of bordered Floer homology in terms of sutured Floer homology. The bordered algebra and modules are direct sums of certain sutured Floer complexes. The algebra multiplication and algebra action correspond to a new gluing map on SFH. It is defined algebraically, and is a special case of a more general "join" map. In a follow-up paper we show that this gluing map can be identified with the contact cobordism map of Honda-Kazez-Matic. The join map is conjecturally equivalent to the cobordism maps on SFH defined by Juhasz.
We describe how to formulate Khovanov's functor-valued invariant of tangles in the language of bordered Heegaard Floer homology. We then give an alternate construction of Lawrence Roberts' Type D and Type A structures in Khovanov homology, and his algebra $\mathcal{B}Γ_n$, in terms of Khovanov's theory of modules over the ring $H^n$. We reprove invariance and pairing properties of Roberts' bordered modules in this language. Along the way, we obtain an explicit generators-and-relations description of $H^n$ which may be of independent interest.
In this paper we prove another pairing theorem for bordered Floer homology. Unlike the original pairing theorem, this one is stated in terms of homomorphisms, not tensor products. The present formulation is closer in spirit to the usual TQFT framework, and allows a more direct comparison with Fukaya-categorical constructions. The result also leads to various dualities in bordered Floer homology.
