Minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal detection algorithm is near- optimal for uplink multi-user large-scale multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, but involves matrix inversion with high complexity. In this letter, we firstly prove that the MMSE filtering matrix for large- scale MIMO is symmetric positive definite, based on which we propose a low-complexity near-optimal signal detection algorithm by exploiting the Richardson method to avoid the matrix inversion. The complexity can be reduced from O(K3) to O(K2), where K is the number of users. We also provide the convergence proof of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed signal detection algorithm converges fast, and achieves the near-optimal performance of the classical MMSE algorithm.
We study the performance of uplink transmission in a large-scale (massive) MIMO system, where all the transmitters have single antennas and the receiver (base station) has a large number of antennas. Specifically, we analyze achievable degrees of freedom of the system without assuming channel state information at the receiver. Also, we quantify the amount of power saving that is possible with increasing number of receive antennas.
In this paper, we consider a multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) communication system between a base station equipped with multiple antennas and multiple mobile users each equipped with a single antenna. The uplink scenario is considered. The uplink channels are acquired by the base station through a training phase. Two linear processing schemes are considered, namely maximum-ratio combining (MRC) and zero-forcing (ZF). We optimize the training period and optimal training energy under the average and peak power constraint so that an achievable sum rate is maximized.
In this paper, we consider the uplink and downlink precoder design for two-user power-domain multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. We propose novel uplink and downlink precoding and decoding schemes that lower the decoding complexity at the receiver by decomposing the MIMO-NOMA channels of the users into multiple single-input single-output (SISO)-NOMA channels via simultaneous triangularization (ST) of the MIMO channels of the users and a low-complexity self-interference cancellation at the receiver. The proposed ST MIMO-NOMA schemes avoid channel…
We study the impact of hardware impairments at the base station (BS) of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based massive multiuser (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink system. We leverage Bussgang's theorem to develop accurate models for the distortions caused by nonlinear low-noise amplifiers, local oscillators with phase noise, and oversampling finite-resolution analog-to-digital converters. By combining the individual effects of these hardware models, we obtain a composite model for the BS-side distortion caused by nonideal hardware that takes into account its…
The present paper deals with an OFDM-based uplink within a multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) system where a massive MIMO approach is employed. In this context, the linear detectors Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE), Zero Forcing (ZF) and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) are considered and assessed. This papers includes Bit Error Rate (BER) results for uncoded QPSK/OFDM transmissions through a flat Rayleigh fading channel under the assumption of perfect power control and channel estimation. BER results are obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. Performance results are discussed in detail and we confirm…
Under the conditions where performance in a massive MIMO network is limited by pilot contamination, the reverse link signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) exhibits different distributions when using different pilot allocation schemes. By utilising different sets of orthogonal pilot sequences, as opposed to reused sequences amongst adjacent cells, the resulting SIR distribution is more favourable with respect to maximising the number of users on the network while maintaining a given quality of service (QoS) for all users. This paper provides a simple expression for uplink user capacity on such net…
The application of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems is important to enhance the performance gains of NOMA. In this paper, a novel MIMO-NOMA framework for downlink and uplink transmission is proposed by applying the concept of signal alignment. By using stochastic geometry, closed-form analytical results are developed to facilitate the performance evaluation of the proposed framework for randomly deployed users and interferers. The impact of different power allocation strategies, such as fixed power allocation and cognitive radio …
In this paper, the uplink adaptation for massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) networks without the knowledge of user density is considered. Specifically, a novel cooperative uplink transmission and detection scheme is first proposed for massive MIMO networks, where each uplink frame is divided into a number of data blocks with independent coding schemes and the following blocks are decoded based on previously detected data blocks in both service and neighboring cells. The asymptotic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the proposed scheme is then derived, and the distribu…
In this correspondence, we analyze the ergodic capacity of a large uplink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) system over generalized-$K$ fading channels. In the considered scenario, multiple users transmit their information to a base station equipped with a very large number of antennas. Since the effect of fast fading asymptotically disappears in massive MIMO systems, large-scale fading becomes the most dominant factor for the ergodic capacity of massive MIMO systems. Regarding this fact, in our work we concentrate our attention on the effects of large-scale fading for massiv…
As a promising technique to meet the drastically growing demand for both high throughput and uniform coverage in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have attracted significant attention in recent years. However, in massive MIMO systems, as the density of mobile users (MUs) increases, conventional uplink training methods will incur prohibitively high training overhead, which is proportional to the number of MUs. In this paper, we propose a selective uplink training method for massive MIMO systems, where in each channel block only pa…
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) are expected to significantly enhance the spectrum efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) of future cellular systems. Since the performance gain of massive MIMO is fundamentally limited by pilot contamination, pilot reuse design is crucial to achieve reasonable cell throughput and user rate. In this paper, we leverage stochastic geometry to model pilot reuse in massive MIMO systems by introducing a guard region model to match realistic pilot allocation strategies. The uplink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) distribution is analyti…
Flat-fading channel models are usually invoked for analyzing the performance of massive spatial modulation multiple-input multiple-output (SM-MIMO) systems. However, in the context of broadband SM transmission, the severe inter-symbol-interference (ISI) caused by the frequency-selective fading channels can not be ignored, which leads to very detrimental effects on the achievable system performance, especially for single-carrier SM (SC-SM) transmission schemes. To the best of the author's knowledge, none of the previous researchers have been able to provide a thorough analysis on the achievable…
Current outdoor mobile network infrastructure cannot support uplink intensive mobile applications such as connected vehicles that collect and upload large amount of real time data. Our investigation reveals that with maximum-ratio (MR) decoding, it is theoretically impossible to support such applications with cell-free Massive MIMO, and it requires a very large number of service antennas in single cell configuration, making it practically infeasible; but with zero-forcing (ZF) decoding, such applications can be easily supported by cell-free Massive MIMO with very moderate number of access poin…
This paper introduces a hybrid pilot-aided channel estimation technique for mitigating the effect of pilot contamination for the uplink of multi-cell multiuser massive MIMO systems. The proposed hybrid pilot is designed such that it enjoys the complementary advantages between time-multiplexed (TM) pilot and time-superimposed (TS) pilot, and thereby, allows superior solution to the conventional pilot schemes. We mathematically characterize the impact of hybrid pilot on the massive MIMO uplink by deriving a closed-form approximation for the uplink achievable rate. In large-number-of-antennas reg…
This paper proposes a linear interference alignment (IA) scheme which can be used for uplink channels in a general multicell multiuser MIMO cellular network. The proposed scheme aims to align interference caused by signals from a set of transmitters into a subspace which is established by the signals from only a subset of those transmitters, thereby effectively reducing the number of interfering transmitters. The total degrees of freedom (DoF) achievable by the proposed scheme is given in closed-form expression, and a numerical analysis shows that the proposed scheme can achieve the optimal Do…
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications are the focus of considerable interest in recent years. While the theoretical gains of massive MIMO have been established, implementing MIMO systems with large-scale antenna arrays in practice is challenging. Among the practical challenges associated with massive MIMO systems are increased cost, power consumption, and physical size. In this work we study the implementation of massive MIMO antenna arrays using dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs), an emerging technology which inherently handles the aforementioned challenges. Specifical…
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is one of the key technologies in future generation networks. Owing to their considerable spectral and energy efficiency gains, massive MIMO systems provide the needed performance to cope with the ever increasing wireless capacity demand. Nevertheless, the number of scheduled users stays limited in massive MIMO both in time division duplexing (TDD) and frequency division duplexing (FDD) systems. This is due to the limited coherence time, in TDD systems, and to limited feedback capacity, in FDD mode. In current systems, the time slot duration in TDD…
In this paper, we present a successive-cancellation-soft-output (SCSO) detector for an uplink multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) system with one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The proposed detector produces soft outputs (e.g., log-likelihood ratios (LLRs)) from one-bit quantized observations in a successive way: each user k's message is sequentially decoded from a channel decoder $k$ for $k=1,...,K$ in that order, and the previously decoded messages are exploited to improve the reliabilities of LLRs. Furthermore, we develop an efficient greedy algorithm to optimize a …
In this letter, we derive an approximate analytical expression for the uplink achievable rate of a massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system when finite precision analog-digital converters (ADCs) and the common maximal ratio combining technique are used at the receivers. To obtain this expression, we treat quantization noise as an additive quantization noise model. Considering the obtained expression, we show that low-resolution ADCs lead to a decrease in the achievable rate but the performance loss can be compensated by increasing the number of receiving antennas. In addition, we…
In this paper, we study the impact of frequency-selectivity on the gap between the required per-user transmit power in the residual CFO scenario (i.e. after CFO estimation/compensation at the base-station (BS) from [6]) and that in the ideal/zero CFO scenario, for a fixed per-user information rate, in single-carrier massive MU-MIMO uplink systems with the TR-MRC receiver. Information theoretic analysis reveals that this gap decreases with increasing frequency-selectivity of the channel. Also, in the residual CFO scenario, an $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{M})$ array gain is still achievable ($M$ is the nu…
For uplink large-scale MIMO systems, linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal detection algorithm is near-optimal but involves matrix inversion with high complexity. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity signal detection algorithm based on the successive overrelaxation (SOR) method to avoid the complicated matrix inversion. We first prove a special property that the MMSE filtering matrix is symmetric positive definite for uplink large-scale MIMO systems, which is the premise for the SOR method. Then a low-complexity iterative signal detection algorithm based on the SOR method as wel…
The recently proposed Cell-Free massive MIMO architecture is studied for the uplink. In contrast to most previous works, joint detection is performed using global CSI. Therefore, we study strategies for transferring CSI to the CPU taking into account the fronthaul capacity which limits CSI quantization. Two strategies for pilot-based CSI acquisition are considered: estimate-and-quantize and quantize-and-estimate. These are analysed using the Bussgang decomposition. For a given quantization constraint for the data and CSI the achievable rate per user with Zero-Forcing is determined. Numerical r…
This paper analyzes how the distortion created by hardware impairments in a multiple-antenna base station affects the uplink spectral efficiency (SE), with focus on Massive MIMO. The distortion is correlated across the antennas, but has been often approximated as uncorrelated to facilitate (tractable) SE analysis. To determine when this approximation is accurate, basic properties of the distortion correlation are first uncovered. Then, we focus on third-order non-linearities and prove analytically and numerically that the correlation can be neglected in the SE analysis when there are many user…
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been drawing considerable interest due to the growing throughput demands on wireless networks. In the uplink, massive MIMO systems are commonly studied assuming that each base station (BS) decodes the signals of its user terminals separately and linearly while treating all interference as noise. Although this approach provides improved spectral efficiency which scales with the number of BS antennas in favorable channel conditions, it is generally sub-optimal from an information-theoretic perspective. In this work we characterize the sp…
Even if massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) can theoretically bring huge benefits, it incurs substantial hardware complexity and expensive hardware costs. To address these issues while maintaining the system performance simultaneously, we develop an asymmetrical transceiver architecture for massive MIMO systems in this paper by releasing the shackles on radio frequency (RF) chains. Specifically, we first develop the architecture for the asymmetrical transceiver where the number of receive RF chains is different from that of the transmit RF chains. Due to this unequal number of RF cha…
This paper proposes a flexible pilot assignment method to jointly optimize the uplink and downlink data transmission in multi-cell Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems with correlated Rayleigh fading channels. By utilizing a closed-form expression of the ergodic spectral efficiency (SE) achieved with maximum ratio processing, we formulate an optimization problem for maximizing the minimum weighted sum of the uplink and downlink SEs subject to the transmit powers and pilot assignment sets. This combinatiorial optimization problem is solved by two sequential algorithms: a heuris…
The high hardware complexity of a massive MIMO base station, which requires hundreds of radio chains, makes it challenging to build commercially. One way to reduce the hardware complexity and power consumption of the receiver is to lower the resolution of the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We derive an achievable rate for a massive MIMO system with arbitrary quantization and use this rate to show that ADCs with as low as 3 bits can be used without significant performance loss at spectral efficiencies around 3.5 bpcu per user, also under interference from stronger transmitters and with so…
This paper considers channel estimation and achievable rates for the uplink of a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system where the base station is equipped with one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). By rewriting the nonlinear one-bit quantization using a linear expression, we first derive a simple and insightful expression for the linear minimum mean-square-error (LMMSE) channel estimator. Then employing this channel estimator, we derive a closed-form expression for the lower bound of the achievable rate for the maximum ratio combiner (MRC) receiver. Numerical results are p…
This paper proposes a stochastic geometry framework to analyze the SINR and rate performance in a large-scale uplink massive MIMO network. Based on the model, expressions are derived for spatial average SINR distributions over user and base station distributions with maximum ratio combining (MRC) and zero-forcing (ZF) receivers. We show that using massive MIMO, the uplink SINR in certain urban marco-cell scenarios is limited by interference. In the interference-limited regime, the results reveal that for MRC receivers, a super-linear (polynomial) scaling law between the number of base station …
In this paper, we consider a constant envelope (CE) pilot-based low-complexity technique for frequency synchronization in multi-user massive MIMO systems. Study of the complexity-performance trade-off shows that this CE-pilot-based technique provides better MSE performance when compared to existing low-complexity high-PAPR pilot-based CFO (carrier frequency offset) estimator. Numerical study of the information rate performance of the TR-MRC receiver in imperfect CSI scenario with this CE-pilot based CFO estimator shows that it is more energy-and-spectrally efficient than existing low-complexit…
Massive MIMO systems, where the base stations are equipped with hundreds of antennas, are an attractive way to handle the rapid growth of data traffic. As the number of users increases, the initial access and handover in contemporary networks will be flooded by user collisions. In this work, we propose a random access procedure that resolves collisions and also performs timing, channel, and power estimation by simply utilizing the large number of antennas envisioned in massive MIMO systems and the inherent timing misalignments of uplink signals during network access and handover. Numerical res…
Massive spatial modulation aided multiple-input multiple-output (SM-MIMO) systems have recently been proposed as a novel combination of spatial modulation (SM) and of conventional massive MIMO, where the base station (BS) is equipped with a large number of antennas and simultaneously serves multiple user equipment (UE) that employ SM for their uplink transmission. Since the massive SM-MIMO concept combines the benefits of both the SM and massive MIMO techniques, it has recently attracted substantial research interest. In this paper, we study the achievable uplink spectral efficiency (SE) of a …
This paper addresses the problem of uplink and downlink channel estimation in FDD Massive MIMO systems. By utilizing sparse recovery and compressive sensing algorithms, we are able to improve the accuracy of the uplink/downlink channel estimation and reduce the number of uplink/downlink pilot symbols. Such successful channel estimation builds upon the assumption that the channel can be sparsely represented under some basis/dictionary. Previous works model the channel using some predefined basis/dictionary, while in this work, we present a dictionary learning based channel model such that a dic…
Intelligent terminals often produce a large number of data packets of small lengths. For these packets, it is inefficient to follow the conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols because they lead to poor utilization of service resources. We propose a novel multiple access scheme that targets massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems based on compressive sensing (CS). We employ block precoding in the time domain to enable the simultaneous transmissions of many users, which could be even more than the number of receive antennas at the base station. We develop a block-sparse …
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are strong candidates for future fifth generation (5G) heterogeneous cellular networks. For 5G, a network densification with a high number of different classes of users and data service requirements is expected. Such a large number of connected devices needs to be separated in order to allow the detection of the transmitted signals according to different data requirements. In this paper, a decoupled signal detection (DSD) technique which allows the separation of the uplink signals, for each user class, at the base station (BS) is proposed f…
This paper optimizes the pilot assignment and pilot transmit powers to mitigate pilot contamination in Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems. While prior works have treated pilot assignment as a combinatorial problem, we achieve a more tractable problem formulation by directly optimizing the pilot sequences. To this end, we compute a lower bound on the uplink (UL) spectral efficiency (SE), for Rayleigh fading channels with maximum ratio (MR) detection and arbitrary pilot sequences. We optimize the max-min SE with respect to the pilot sequences and pilot powers, under power budg…
In this paper, we propose a new channel estimation scheme for TDD/FDD massive MIMO systems by reconstructing uplink/downlink channel covariance matrices (CCMs) with the aid of array signal processing techniques. Specifically, the angle information and power angular spectrum (PAS) of each multi-path channel is extracted from the instantaneous uplink channel state information (CSI). Then, the uplink CCM is reconstructed and can be used to improve the uplink channel estimation without any additional training cost. In virtue of angle reciprocity as well as PAS reciprocity between uplink and downli…
In this work we study the effect of oscillator phase noise on the uplink performance of a massive multiple-input multiple output system. Specifically, we consider an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based uplink transmission and analyze two scenarios: (a) all the base station (BS) antennas are fed by a common oscillator, and (b) each of the BS antennas is fed by a different oscillator. For the scenarios considered, we derive the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio on each subcarrier and analyze the ergodic capacity when a linear receiver is used. Furthermore, we propose a phase noise…
One challenge for FDD massive MIMO communication system is how to obtain the downlink channel state information (CSI) at the base station. Except for traditional codebook feedback through uplink pilot transmission, some channel reciprocity properties can be utilized through uplink channel estimation and channel parameter estimation algorithms. In this paper, the uplink and downlink channel reciprocity properties are analyzed. It is theoretically proved that not all multipath parameters for FDD downlink and uplink channels are equivalent. Therefore, the so called full reciprocity property does …
Coarse quantization at the base station (BS) of a massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless system promises significant power and cost savings. Coarse quantization also enables significant reductions of the raw analog-to-digital converter (ADC) data that must be transferred from a spatially-separated antenna array to the baseband processing unit. The theoretical limits as well as practical transceiver algorithms for such quantized MU-MIMO systems operating over frequency-flat, narrowband channels have been studied extensively. However, the practically relevant scen…
This paper considers the uplink (UL) of a multi-cell Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) system with spatially correlated Rician fading channels. The channel model is composed of a deterministic line-of-sight (LoS) path and a stochastic non-line-of-sight (NLoS) component describing a spatially correlated multipath environment. We derive the statistical properties of the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) and least-square (LS) channel estimates for this model. Using these estimates for maximum ratio (MR) combining, rigorous closed-form UL spectral efficiency (SE) expressions are derive…
We design a jamming-resistant receiver scheme to enhance the robustness of a massive MIMO uplink system against jamming. We assume that a jammer attacks the system both in the pilot and data transmission phases. The key feature of the proposed scheme is that, in the pilot phase, we estimate not only the legitimate channel, but also the jamming channel by exploiting a purposely unused pilot sequence. The jamming channel estimate is used to constructed linear receive filters that reject the impact of the jamming signal. The performance of the proposed scheme is analytically evaluated using asymp…
In this paper, we analyze the performance of the uplink communication of massive multi-cell multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems under the effects of pilot contamination and delayed channels because of terminal mobility. The base stations (BSs) estimate the channels through the uplink training, and then use zero-forcing processing to decode the transmit signals from the users. The probability density function (PDF) of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio is derived for any finite number of antennas. From this PDF, we derive an achievable ergodic rate with a finite number of BS …
One main goal of 5G-and-beyond systems is to simultaneously serve many users, each having a requested spectral efficiency (SE), in an energy-efficient way. The network capacity cannot always satisfy all the SE requirements, for example, when some users have bad channel conditions, especially happening in a cellular topology, and therefore congestion can happen. By considering both the pilot and data powers in the uplink transmission as optimization variables, this paper formulates and solves an energy-efficiency problem for cellular Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems that ca…
This letter proposes a joint pilot and payload power allocation (JPA) scheme to mitigate the error propagation problem for uplink multiple-input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA) systems. A base station equipped with a maximum ratio combining and successive interference cancellation (MRC-SIC) receiver is adopted for multiuser detection. The average signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (ASINR) of each user during the MRC-SIC decoding is analyzed by taking into account the error propagation due to the channel estimation error. Furthermore, the JPA design is formulated…
Advances in analog-to-digital converter (ADC) technology have opened up the possibility to directly digitize wideband radio frequency (RF) signals, avoiding the need for analog down-conversion. In this work, we consider an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink system that relies on direct RF-sampling at the base station and digitizes the received RF signals with 1-bit ADCs. Using Bussgang's theorem, we provide an analytical expression for the error-vector magnitude (EVM) achieved by digital down-conversion a…
The limited fronthaul capacity is known to be one of the main problems in cloud radio access networks (CRANs), especially in the wireless fronthaul links. In this paper, we consider the uplink of a CRAN system, where massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is utilized in the fronthaul link. Considering multi-antenna user equipment (UEs) and multi-antenna remote radio heads (RRHs), we maximize the system sum-rate by jointly optimizing the precoders at the UEs and the quantization noise covariance matrices and transmit powers at the RRHs. To solve the resulting nonconvex problem, an iterat…
In massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, it may not be power efficient to have a high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for each antenna element. In this paper, a near maximum likelihood (nML) detector for uplink multiuser massive MIMO systems is proposed where each antenna is connected to a pair of one-bit ADCs, i.e., one for each real and imaginary component of the baseband signal. The exhaustive search over all the possible transmitted vectors required in the original maximum likelihood (ML) detection problem is relaxed to formulate an ML estimation problem. Then…
In this paper, we propose a new retrospective interference alignment for two-cell multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interfering multiple access channels (IMAC) with the delayed channel state information at the transmitters (CSIT). It is shown that having delayed CSIT can strictly increase the sum-DoF compared to the case of no CSIT. The key idea is to align multiple interfering signals from adjacent cells onto a small dimensional subspace over time by fully exploiting the previously received signals as side information with outdated CSIT in a distributed manner. Remarkably, we show that th…
Implementation cost and power consumption are two important considerations in modern wireless communications, particularly in large-scale multi-antenna systems where the number of individual radio-frequency (RF) chains may be significantly larger than before. In this work, we propose to deploy a single low-noise amplifier (LNA) on the uplink multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) receiver to cover all antennas. This architecture, although favorable from the perspective of cost and power consumption, introduces challenges in the LNA gain control and user transmit power control. We formulate an e…
In this work we extend the concept of uplink-downlink rate balancing to frequency division duplex (FDD) massive MIMO systems. We consider a base station with large number antennas serving many single antenna users. We first show that any unused capacity in the uplink can be traded off for higher throughput in the downlink in a system that uses either dirty paper (DP) coding or linear zero-forcing (ZF) precoding. We then also study the scaling of the system throughput with the number of antennas in cases of linear Beamforming (BF) Precoding, ZF Precoding, and DP coding. We show that the downlin…
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a key technology for improving the spectral and energy efficiency in 5G-and-beyond wireless networks. For a tractable analysis, most of the previous works on Massive MIMO have been focused on the system performance with complex Gaussian channel impulse responses under rich-scattering environments. In contrast, this paper investigates the uplink ergodic spectral efficiency (SE) of each user under the double scattering channel model. We derive a closed-form expression of the uplink ergodic SE by exploiting the maximum ratio (MR) combining techniqu…
We present the analysis of a single-carrier massive MIMO system for the frequency selective Gaussian multi-user channel, in both uplink and downlink directions. We develop expressions for the achievable sum rate when there is spatial correlation among antennas at the base station. It is known that the channel matched filter precoder (CMFP) performs the best in a spatially uncorrelated downlink channel. However, we show that, in a spatially correlated downlink channel with two different correlation patterns and at high long-term average power, two other precoders have better performance. For th…
Linear processing in the spatial domain at the base stations (BSs) and at the users of MIMO cellular systems enables the control of both inter-cell and intra-cell interference. A number of iterative algorithms have been proposed that allow the BSs and the users to calculate the transmit-side and the receive-side linear processors in a distributed manner via message exchange based only on local channel state information. In this paper, a novel such strategy is proposed that requires the exchange of unitary matrices between BSs and users. Specifically, focusing on a general both uplink- and down…
This paper investigates the uplink achievable rates of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in Ricean fading channels, using maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and zero-forcing (ZF) receivers, assuming perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). In contrast to previous relevant works, the fast fading MIMO channel matrix is assumed to have an arbitrary-rank deterministic component as well as a Rayleigh-distributed random component. We derive tractable expressions for the achievable uplink rate in the large-antenna limit, along with approximating results that hold …
In this paper, the performance of uplink spectral efficiency in massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) over spacially correlated Ricean fading channel is presented. The maximum ratio combining (MRC) receiver is employed at the base station (BS) for two different methods of channel estimation. The first method is based on pilot-assisted least minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimation, the second one is based on line-of-sight (LOS) part. The respective analytical expressions of uplink data rate are given for these two methods. Due to the existence of pilot contamination, the uplink dat…
In this paper, we investigate the uplink performance of cell-free (CF) extremely large-scale multiple-input-multipleoutput (XL-MIMO) systems, which is a promising technique for future wireless communications. More specifically, we consider the practical scenario with multiple base stations (BSs) and multiple user equipments (UEs). To this end, we derive exact achievable spectral efficiency (SE) expressions for any combining scheme. It is worth noting that we derive the closed-form SE expressions for the CF XL-MIMO with maximum ratio (MR) combining. Numerical results show that the SE performanc…
