We study the topological properties of attractors of Iterated Function Systems (I.F.S.) on the real line, consisting of affine maps of homogeneous contraction ratio. These maps define what we call a second generation I.F.S.: they are uncountably many and the set of their fixed points is a Cantor set. We prove that when this latter either is the attractor of a finite, non-singular, hyperbolic, I.F.S. (of first generation), or it possesses a particular dissection property, the attractor of the second generation I.F.S. consists of finitely many closed intervals.
In the present work, we study the attractors of iterated function systems (IFSs) on connected and compact metric spaces. We prove that the whole of the phase space of a forward minimal IFS, for which some map admits an attracting fixed point, is an attractor.
We provide a new algorithm (called the grid algorithm) designed to generate the image of the attractor of a generalized iterated function system on a finite dimensional space and we compare it with the deterministic algorithm regarding generalized iterated function systems presented by P. Jaros, L. Maslanka and F. Strobin in [Algorithms generating images of attractors of generalized iterated function systems, Numer. Algorithms, 73 (2016), 477-499].
This paper examines thresholds for certain properties of the attractor of a general one-parameter affine family of iterated functions systems. As the parameter increases, the iterated function system becomes less contractive, and the attractor evolves. Thresholds are studied for the following properties: the existence of an attractor, the connectivity of the attractor, and the existence of non-empty interior of the attractor. Also discussed are transition phenomena between existence and non-existence of an attractor.
We study the attractor of Iterated Function Systems composed of infinitely many affine, homogeneous maps. In the special case of second generation IFS, defined herein, we conjecture that the attractor consists of a finite number of non-overlapping intervals. Numerical techniques are described to test this conjecture, and a partial rigorous result in this direction is proven.
If $F$ and $G$ are iterated function systems, then any infinite word $W$ in the symbols $F$ and $G$ induces a limit set. It is natural to ask whether this Cantor set can also be realized as the limit set of a single $C^{1 + α}$ iterated function system $H$. We prove that under certain assumptions on $F$, $G$ and $H$, the answer is no. This problem is motivated by the spectral theory of one-dimensional quasicrystals.
We investigate the topological and metric properties of attractors of an iterated function system (IFS) whose functions may not be contractive. We focus, in particular, on invertible IFSs of finitely many maps on a compact metric space. We rely on ideas Kieninger and McGehee and Wiandt, restricted to what is, in many ways, a simpler setting, but focused on a special type of attractor, namely point-fibred minimal (locally) invariant sets. This allows us to give short proofs of some of the key ideas.
This paper contains four main results associated with an attractor of a projective iterated function system (IFS). The first theorem characterizes when a projective IFS has an attractor which avoids a hyperplane. The second theorem establishes that a projective IFS has at most one attractor. In the third theorem the classical duality between points and hyperplanes in projective space leads to connections between attractors that avoid hyperplanes and repellers that avoid points as well as hyperplane attractors that avoid points and repellers that avoid hyperplanes. Finally, an index is defined …
The fast basin of an attractor of an iterated function system (IFS) is the set of points in the domain of the IFS whose orbits under the associated semigroup intersect the attractor. Fast basins can have non-integer dimension and comprise a class of deterministic fractal sets. The relationship between the basin and the fast basin of a point-fibred attractor is analyzed. To better understand the topology and geometry of fast basins, and because of analogies with analytic continuation, branched fractal manifolds are introduced. A branched fractal manifold is a metric space constructed from the e…
Iterated function systems (IFSs) and their attractors have been central to the theory of fractal geometry almost from its inception. And contractivity of the functions in the IFS has been central to the theory of iterated functions systems. If the functions in the IFS are contractions, then the IFS is guaranteed to have a unique attractor. Recently, however, there has been an interest in what occurs to the attractor at the boundary between contractvity and expansion of the IFS. That is the subject of this paper. For a family $F_t$ of IFSs depending on a real parameter $t>0$, the existence and …
In this paper, we study cut sets of attractors of iteration function systems (IFS) in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Under natural conditions, we show that all irreducible cut sets of these attractors are perfect sets or single points. This leads to a criterion for the existence of cut points of IFS attractors. If the IFS attractors are self-affine tiles, our results become algorithmically checkable and can be used to exhibit cut points with the help of Hata graphs. This enables us to construct cut points of some self-affine tiles studied in the literature.
Guided by classical concepts, we define the notion of \emph{ends} of an iterated function system and prove that the number of ends is an upper bound for the number of nondegenerate components of its attractor. The remaining isolated points are then linked to idempotent maps. A commutative diagram illustrates the natural relationships between the infinite walks in a semigroup and components of an attractor in more detail. We show in particular that, if an iterated function system is one-ended, the associated attractor is connected, and ask whether every connected attractor (fractal) conversely …
The paper is devoted to searching algorithms which will allow to generate images of attractors of \emph{generalized iterated function systems} (GIFS in short), which are certain generalization of classical iterated function systems, defined by Mihail and Miculescu in 2008, and then intensively investigated in the last years (the idea is that instead of selfmaps of a metric space $X$, we consider mappings form the Cartesian product $X\times...\times X$ to $X$). Two presented algorithms are counterparts of classical \emph{deterministic algorithm} and so-called \emph{chaos game}. The third and fo…
We prove that almost every finite collection of matrices in $GL_d(\mathbb{R})$ and $SL_d(\mathbb{R})$ with positive entries is Diophantine. Next we restrict ourselves to the case $d=2$. A finite set of $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ matrices induces a (generalized) iterated function system on the projective line $\mathbb{RP}^1$. Assuming uniform hyperbolicity and the Diophantine property, we show that the dimension of the attractor equals the minimum of 1 and the critical exponent.
In this paper we propose a new model of random graph directed fractals that extends the current well-known model of random graph directed iterated function systems, $V$-variable attractors, and fractal and Mandelbrot percolation. We study its dimensional properties for similarities with and without overlaps. In particular we show that for the two classes of $1$-variable and $\infty$-variable random graph directed attractors we introduce, the Hausdorff and upper box counting dimension coincide almost surely, irrespective of overlap. Under the additional assumption of the uniform strong separati…
This paper is in the form of an essay. It defines fractal tops and code space structures associated with set-attractors of hyperbolic iterated function systems (IFSs). The fractal top of an IFS is associated with a certain shift invariant subspace of code space, whence the entropy of the IFS, and of its set-attractor, may be defined. Given any ordered pair of hyperbolic IFSs, each with the same number of maps, there is a natural transformation, constructed with the aid of fractal tops, whose domain is the attractor A of the first IFS and whose range is contained in the attractor B of the secon…
The paper concerns fractal homeomorphism between the attractors of two bi-affine iterated function systems. After a general discussion of bi-affine functions, conditions are provided under which a bi-affine iterated function system is contractive, thus guaranteeing an attractor. After a general discussion of fractal homeomorphism, fractal homeomorphisms are constructed for a specific type of bi-affine iterated function system.
We study weakly hyperbolic iterated function systems on compact spaces, as defined by Edalat, but in the more general setting of a compact parameter space. We prove the existence of attractors, both in the topological and measure theoretical viewpoint, and prove that the measure theoretical attractor is ergodic. We also define weakly hyperbolic iterated functions systems for complete spaces and compact parameter space, and prove that this definition extends the one given by Edalat. Furthermore, we study the question of existence of the attractors in this setting. Finally, we prove a version of…
In this paper are investigated strictly self-similar fractals that are composed of an infinite number of regular star-polygons, also known as Sierpinski $n$-gons, $n$-flakes or polyflakes. Construction scheme for Sierpinsky $n$-gon and $n$-flake is presented where the dimensions of the Sierpinsky $\infty$-gon and the $\infty$-flake are computed to be 1 and 2, respectively. These fractals are put in a general context and Iterated Function Systems are applied for the visualisation of the geometric iterations of the initial polygons, as well as the visualisation of sets of points that lie on the …
In 2013 Balka and Máthé showed that in uncountable polish spaces the typical compact set is not a fractal of any IFS. In 2008 Miculescu and Mihail introduced a concept of a generalized iterated function system (GIFS in short), a particular extension of classical IFS, in which they considered families of mappings defined on finite Cartesian product $X^m$ with values in $X$. Recently, Secelean extended these considerations to mappings defined on the space $\ell_\infty(X)$ of all bounded sequences of elements of $X$ endowed with supremum metric. In the paper we show that in Euclidean spaces a typ…
This paper presents a sufficient condition for a continuum in $R^n$ to be embeddable in $R^n$ in such a way that its image is not an attractor of any iterated function system. An example of a continuum in $R^2$ that is not an attractor of any weakly contracting iterated function system is also given.
We consider iterated function systems on the real line that consist of continuous, piecewise linear functions. Under a mild separation condition, we show that the Hausdorff and box dimensions of the attractor are equal to the minimum of 1 and the exponent which comes from the most natural system of covers of the attractor.
Every quasi-attractor of an iterated function system (IFS) of continuous functions on a first-countable Hausdorff topological space is renderable by the probabilistic chaos game. By contrast, we prove that the backward minimality is a necessary condition to get the deterministic chaos game. As a consequence, we obtain that an IFS of homeomorphisms of the circle is renderable by the deterministic chaos game if and only if it is forward and backward minimal. This result provides examples of attractors (a forward but no backward minimal IFS on the circle) that are not renderable by the determinis…
In this paper we study random iterated function systems. Our main result gives sufficient conditions for an analogue of a well known theorem due to Khintchine from Diophantine approximation to hold almost surely for stochastically self-similar and self-affine random iterated function systems.
Miculescu and Mihail in 2008 introduced the concept of a \emph{generalized iterated function system} (GIFS in~short), a particular extension of the classical IFS. The idea is that, instead of families of selfmaps of a metric space~$X$, GIFSs consist of maps defined on a finite Cartesian {$m$-th power} $X^m$ with values in $X$ (in such a case we say that a GIFS is \emph{of order} $m$). It turned out that a great part of the classical {Hutchinson theory} has natural counterpart in this GIFSs' framework. On the other hand, there are known only few examples of~fractal sets which are generated by G…
We calculate rigorous bounds on the Hausdorff dimension of the attractor at the accumulation of the period-doubling cascade for families of maps with quadratic, cubic, and quartic critical point. To do this, we express the attractors as the limit sets of appropriate Iterated Function Systems constructed using rigorous bounds on the corresponding renormalisation fixed point functions. We use interval arithmetic with rigorous directed rounding modes to show that the respective dimensions lie in subintervals of the intervals (0.5370,0.5392), (0.6040,0.6091), and (0.6395,0.6474).
The study of generalized iterated function systems (GIFS) was introduced by Mihail and Miculescu in 2008. We provide a new approach to study those systems as the limit of the Hutchinson-Barnsley setting for infinite iterated function systems (IIFS) which has been developed by many authors in the last years. We show that any attractor of a contractive generalized iterated function system is the limit with respect to Hausdorff-Pompeiu metric of attractors of contractive infinite iterated function systems. We also prove that any Hutchinson measure for a contractive generalized iterated function s…
This paper investigates the dimension theory of some families of continuous piecewise linear iterated function systems. For one family, we show that the Hausdorff dimension of the attractor is equal to the exponential growth rate obtained from the most natural covering system. We also prove that for Lebesgue typical parameters, the 1-dimensional Lebesgue measure of the underlying attractor is positive, if this number is bigger than 1 and all the contraction ratios are positive.
We give a systematic account of iterated function systems (IFS) of weak contractions of different types (Browder, Rakotch, topological). We show that the existence of attractors and asymptotically stable invariant measures, and the validity of the random iteration algorithm ("chaos game"), can be obtained rather easily for weakly contractive systems. We show that the class of attractors of weakly contractive IFSs is essentially wider than the class of classical IFSs' fractals. On the other hand, we show that, in reasonable spaces, a typical compact set is not an attractor of any weakly contrac…
We consider iterated function systems $\mathrm{IFS}(T_1,\dots,T_k)$ consisting of continuous self maps of a compact metric space $X$. We introduce the subset $S_{\mathrm{t}}$ of {\emph{weakly hyperbolic sequences}} $ξ=ξ_0\ldotsξ_n \ldots \in Σ_k^+$ having the property that $\bigcap_n T_{ξ_{0}}\circ\cdots\circ T_{ξ_{n}}(X)$ is a point $\{π(ξ)\}$. The target set $π(S_{\mathrm{t}})$ plays a role similar to the semifractal introduced by Lasota-Myjak. Assuming that $S_{\mathrm{t}}\ne \emptyset$ (the only hyperbolic-like condition we assume) we prove that the IFS has at most one strict attractor and…
This paper discusses, certain algebraic, analytic, and topological results on partial iterated function systems($IFS_p$'s). Also, the article proves the Collage theorem for partial iterated function systems. Further, it provides a method to address the points in the attractor of a partial iterated function system and obtain results related to the address of points in the attractor. The completeness of the partial metric space of contractions with a fixed contractivity factor is proved, under suitable conditions. Also, it demonstrates the continuity of the map that associates each contraction i…
In this paper we consider Iterated Function Systems (IFS) on the real line consisting of continuous piecewise linear functions. We assume some bounds on the contraction ratios of the functions, but we do not assume any separation condition. Moreover, we do not require that the functions of the IFS are injective, but we assume that their derivatives are separated from zero. We prove that if we fix all the slopes but perturb all other parameters, then for all parameters outside of an exceptional set of less than full packing dimension, the Hausdorff dimension of the attractor is equal to the exp…
We consider iterated functions systems (IFS) on compact metric spaces and introduce the concept of target sets. Such sets have very rich dynamical properties and play a similar role as semifractals introduced by Lasota and Myjak do for regular IFSs. We study sufficient conditions which guarantee that the closure of the target set is a local attractor for the IFS. As a corollary, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the IFS having a global attractor. We give an example of a non-regular IFS whose target set is nonempty, showing that our approach gives rise to a "new class" of sem…
We study a partially hyperbolic and topologically transitive local diffeomorphism $F$ that is a skew-product over a horseshoe map. This system is derived from a homoclinic class and contains infinitely many hyperbolic periodic points of different indices and hence is not hyperbolic. The associated transitive invariant set $Λ$ possesses a very rich fiber structure, it contains uncountably many trivial and uncountably many non-trivial fibers. Moreover, the spectrum of the central Lyapunov exponents of $F|_Λ$ contains a gap and hence gives rise to a first order phase transition. A major part of t…
We prove an extension of M. Hata's theorem [4] for planar Markov Iterated Function Systems satisfying a strong version of the Open Set Condition. More precisely, if the attractor of such a system is connected, then it is locally connected. We construct counterexamples to show that all additional hypothesis are necessary.
Stimulated by recent problems in the theory of iterated function systems, we provide a variant of the Banach converse theorem for multivalued maps. In particular, we show that attractors of continuous multivalued maps in a metric space are stable. Moreover, such attractors in locally compact, complete metric spaces may be obtained by means of the Banach theorem in the hyperspace.
An iterated function system $Φ$ consisting of contractive similarity mappings has a unique attractor $F \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ which is invariant under the action of the system, as was shown by Hutchinson [Hut]. This paper shows how the action of the function system naturally produces a tiling $\mathcal{T}$ of the convex hull of the attractor. More precisely, it tiles the complement of the attractor within its convex hull. These tiles form a collection of sets whose geometry is typically much simpler than that of $F$, yet retains key information about both $F$ and $Φ$. In particular, the tile…
We study countable compact spaces as potential attractors of iterated function systems. We give an example of a convergent sequence in the real line which is not an IFS-attractor and for each countable ordinal $δ$ we show that a countable compact space of height $δ+1$ can be embedded in the real line so that it becomes the attractor of an IFS. On the other hand, we show that a scattered compact metric space of limit height is never an IFS-attractor.
Conditions are given which imply that analytic iterated function systems (IFS's) in the complex plane have uniformly perfect attractor sets. In particular, it is shown that the attractor set of a finitely generated conformal IFS is uniformly perfect when it contains two or more points. Also, an example of a finitely generated analytic attractor set which is not uniformly perfect is given.
Suppose that a closed surface $S \subseteq \mathbb{R}^3$ is an attractor, not necessarily global, for a discrete dynamical system. Assuming that its set of wild points $W$ is totally disconnected, we prove that (up to an ambient homeomorphism) it has to be contained in a straight line. Using this result and a modification of the classical construction of a wild sphere due to Antoine we show that there exist uncountably many different $2$--spheres in $\mathbb{R}^3$ none of which can be realized as an attractor for a homeomorphism.
The aim of this paper is to establish some results regarding Infinite Iterated Function Systems with the help of the Tarski-Kantorovitch fixed-point principles for maps on partially ordered sets. To this end we introduce two new classes of Infinite Iterated Function Systems which are well suited for applying the aforementioned principle. We also study some properties of the canonical projection from the shift space of an Infinite Iterated Function System belonging to one of the two introduced classes to its attractor.
We investigate the Hölder geometry of curves generated by iterated function systems (IFS) in a complete metric space. A theorem of Hata from 1985 asserts that every connected attractor of an IFS is locally connected and path-connected. We give a quantitative strengthening of Hata's theorem. First we prove that every connected attractor of an IFS is $(1/s)$-Hölder path-connected, where $s$ is the similarity dimension of the IFS. Then we show that every connected attractor of an IFS is parameterized by a $(1/α)$-Hölder curve for all $α>s$. At the endpoint, $α=s$, a theorem of Remes from 1998 alr…
