In this note we investigate the discrete spectrum of Jacobi matrix corresponding to polynomials defined by recurrence relations with periodic coefficients. As examples we consider a)the case when period $N$ of coefficients of recurrence relations equals three (as a particular case we consider "parametric" Chebyshev polynomials introduced by authors early); b)the elementary $N$-symmetrical Chebyshev polynomials ($N=3,4,5$), that was introduced by authors in the study of the "composite model of generalized oscillator".
A recurrence equation is a discrete integrable equation whose solutions are all periodic and the period is fixed. We show that infinitely many recurrence equations can be derived from the information about invariant varieties of periodic points of higher dimensional integrable maps.
We propose two ways for determining the Green's matrix for problems admitting Hamiltonians that have infinite symmetric tridiagonal (i.e. Jacobi) matrix form on some basis representation. In addition to the recurrence relation comming from the Jacobi-matrix, the first approach also requires the matrix elements of the Green's operator between the first elements of the basis. In the second approach the recurrence relation is solved directly by continued fractions and the solution is continued analytically to the whole complex plane. Both approaches are illustrated with the non-trivial but calcul…
In this paper, we discuss duality about components of invariant variety of periodic points(IVPP) and fundamental domain of recurrence equation, and present an algorithm for the derivation of all components of IVPPs of any rational maps. It is based on the study of two examples of a 2 dimensional map and a 3 dimensional map. In particular, all components of IVPPs of the 2 dimensional example are completely determined by means of the cyclotomic polynomials.
In a previous paper, we presented conjectures of the recurrence relations with constant coefficients for the multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials of Laguerre, Jacobi, Wilson and Askey-Wilson types. In this paper we present a proof for the Laguerre and Jacobi cases. Their bispectral properties are also discussed, which give a method to obtain the coefficients of the recurrence relations explicitly. This paper extends to the Laguerre and Jacobi cases the bispectral techniques recently introduced by Gómez-Ullate et al. to derive explicit expressions for the coefficients of the recurrence relation…
In their interesting article (Physical Review A, Vol. 101, 023843 (2020)) Conforti et al. present doubly periodic (elliptic) solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, based on an earlier article by Akhmediev et.al. (Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Vol. 72, 809 (1987)). We present some notes with respect to correctness, completeness, and representation of the solutions obtained.
Examples of the $β$-Jacobi ensemble specify the joint distribution of the transmission eigenvalues in scattering problems. In this context, there has been interest in the distribution of the trace, as the trace corresponds to the conductance. Earlier, in the case $β= 1$, the trace statistic was isolated in studies of covariance matrices in multivariate statistics, where it is referred to as Pillai's $V$ statistic. In this context, Davis showed that for $β= 1$ the trace statistic, and its Fourier-Laplace transform, can be characterised by $(N+1) \times (N+1)$ matrix differential equations. For …
A new recurrence relation for exceptional orthogonal polynomials is proposed, which holds for type 1, 2 and 3. As concrete examples, the recurrence relations are given for Xj-Hermite, Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials in j = 1,2 case.
Zamolodchikov periodicity is a property of $T$- and $Y$-systems, arising in the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. Zamolodchikov integrability was recently considered as its affine analog in our joint work with P. Pylyavskyy. Here we prove periodicity and integrability for similar discrete dynamical systems based on the cube recurrence, also known as the discrete BKP equation. The periodicity part was conjectured by Henriques in 2007.
For Jacobi parameters belonging to one of the three classes: asymptotically periodic, periodically modulated and the blend of these two, we study the asymptotic behavior of the Christoffel functions and the scaling limits of the Christoffel-Darboux kernel. We assume regularity of Jacobi parameters in terms of the Stolz class. We emphasize that the first class only gives rise to measures with compact supports.
We study orthogonal polynomials with periodically modulated Jacobi parameters in the case when $0$ lies on the soft edge of the spectrum of the corresponding periodic Jacobi matrix. We determine when the orthogonality measure is absolutely continuous and we provide a constructive formula for it in terms of the limit of Turán determinants. We next consider asymptotics of the solutions of associated second order difference equation. Finally, we study scaling limits of the Christoffel--Darboux kernel.
Sturm-Liouville oscillation theory for periodic Jacobi operators with matrix entries is discussed and illustrated. The proof simplifies and clarifies the use of intersection theory of Bott, Maslov and Conley-Zehnder. It is shown that the eigenvalue problem for linear Hamiltonian systems can be dealt with by the same approach.
We prove that the resolvent set of any, possibly singular, quasi periodic Jacobi operator is characterized as the set of all energies whose associated Jacobi cocycles induce a dominated splitting. This extends a well-known result by R. A. Johnson for Schrödinger operators.
In this expository work, we collect some background results and give a short proof of the following theorem: periodic Jacobi matrices on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ exhibit strong ballistic motion.
The spectrum of three-diagonal self-adjoint $p$-periodic Jacobi matrix with positive off-diagonal elements $a_n$ an real diagonal elements $b_n$ consist of intervals separated by $p-1$ gaps $γ_i$, where some of the gaps can be degenerated. The following estimate is true $$ \sum_{i=1}^{p-1}|γ_i|\geq\max(\max(4(a_1...a_p)^{\frac1p},2\max a_n)-4\min a_n,\max b_n-\min b_n). $$ We show that for any $p\in\mathbb{N}$ there are Jacobi matrices of minimal period $p$ for which the spectral estimate is sharp. The estimate is sharp for both: strongly and weakly oscillated $a_n$, $b_n$. Moreover, it improv…
Our main result asserts that a certain natural non-linear operator on Jacobi matrices built by a hyperbolic polynomial with real Julia set is a contraction in operator norm if the polynomial is sufficiently hyperbolic. This allows us to get for such polynomials the solution of a problem of Bellissard, in other words, to prove the limit periodicity of the limit Jacobi matrix. This fact does not require the iteration of the same fixed polynomial, and therefore it gives a wide class of limit periodic Jacobi matrices with singular continuous spectrum.
In this work we build a certain machine that allows to construct almost periodic Jacobi matrices with singularly continuous spectrum a prescribed p-adic hull.
We investigate quantum dynamics with the underlying Hamiltonian being a Jacobi or a block Jacobi matrix with the diagonal and the off-diagonal terms modulated by a periodic or a limit-periodic sequence. In particular, we investigate the transport exponents. In the periodic case we demonstrate ballistic transport, while in the limit-periodic case we discuss various phenomena such as quasi-ballistic transport and weak dynamical localization. We also present applications to some quantum many body problems. In particular, we establish for the anisotropic XY chain on $\mathbb{Z}$ with periodic para…
A two-variable generalization of the Big $-1$ Jacobi polynomials is introduced and characterized. These bivariate polynomials are constructed as a coupled product of two univariate Big $-1$ Jacobi polynomials. Their orthogonality measure is obtained. Their bispectral properties (eigenvalue equations and recurrence relations) are determined through a limiting process from the two-variable Big $q$-Jacobi polynomials of Lewanowicz and Woźny. An alternative derivation of the weight function using Pearson-type equations is presented.
We consider the 1D periodic Jacobi matrices. The spectrum of this operator is purely absolutely continuous and consists of intervals separated by gaps. We solve the inverse problem (including characterization) in terms of vertical slits on the quasimomentum domain . Furthermore, we obtain a priori two-sided estimates for vertical slits in terms of Jacoby matrices.
We consider matrices on infinite trees which are universal covers of Jacobi matrices on finite graphs. We are interested in the question of the existence of sequences of finite covers whose normalized eigenvalue counting measures converge to the density of states of the operator on the infinite tree. We first of all construct a simple example where this convergence fails and then discuss two ways of constructing the required sequences: with random boundary conditions and through normal subgroups.
We find a necessary and sufficient condition for a Herglotz function $m$ to be the Borel transform of the spectral measure of an exponentially decaying perturbation of a periodic Jacobi matrix. The condition is in terms of meromorphic continuation of $m$ to a natural Riemann surface and the structure of its zeros and poles. The analogous result is also established for the Borel transform of the spectral measure of eventually periodic Jacobi matrices. This paper generalizes the corresponding result from [17] for exponentially decaying perturbations of the free Jacobi matrix.
We show Hölder continuity for the integrated density of states of a quasi-periodic Jacobi operator with analytic coefficients, in the regime of positive Lyapunov exponent and with a strong Diophantine condition on the frequency. In particular, when the coefficients are trigonometric polynomials we express the Hölder exponent in terms of the degrees of the coefficients.
We develop direct and inverse scattering theory for Jacobi operators with steplike coefficients which are asymptotically close to different finite-gap quasi-periodic coefficients on different sides. We give a complete characterization of the scattering data, which allow unique solvability of the inverse scattering problem in the class of perturbations with finite first moment.
We develop direct and inverse scattering theory for Jacobi operators with steplike quasi-periodic finite-gap background in the same isospectral class. We derive the corresponding Gel'fand-Levitan-Marchenko equation and find minimal scattering data which determine the perturbed operator uniquely. In addition, we show how the transmission coefficients can be reconstructed from the eigenvalues and one of the reflection coefficients.
We consider periodic matrix-valued Jacobi operators. The spectrum of this operator is absolutely continuous and consists of intervals separated by gaps. We define the Lyapunov function, which is analytic on an associated Riemann surface. On each sheet the Lyapunov function has the standard properties of the Lyapunov function for the scalar case. We show that this function has (real or complex) branch points, which we call resonances. We prove that there exist two types of gaps: i) stable gaps, i.e., the endpoints are periodic and anti-periodic eigenvalues, ii) unstable (resonance) gaps, i.e., …
We prove that the fluctuations of mesocopic linear statistics for orthogonal polynomial ensembles are universal in the sense that two measures with asymptotic recurrence coefficients have the same asymptotic mesoscopic fluctuations (under an additional assumption on the local regularity of one of the measures). The convergence rate of the recurrence coefficients determines the range of scales on which the limiting fluctuations are identical. Our main tool is an analysis of the Green's function for the associated Jacobi matrices. As a particular consequence we obtain a Central Limit Theorem for…
We consider a one-frequency, quasi-periodic, block Jacobi operator, whose blocks are generic matrix-valued analytic functions. We establish Anderson localization for this type of operator under the assumption that the coupling constant is large enough but independent of the frequency. This generalizes a result of J. Bourgain and S. Jitomirskaya on localization for band lattice, quasi-periodic Schroedinger operators.
We study self-adjoint bounded Jacobi operators of the form: (J ψ)(n) = a_n ψ(n + 1) + b_n ψ(n) +a_{n-1} ψ(n - 1) on $\ell^2(\N)$. We assume that for some fixed q, the q-variation of $\{a_n\}$ and $\{b_n\}$ is square-summable and $\{a_n\}$ and $\{b_n\}$ converge to q-periodic sequences. Our main result is that under these assumptions the essential support of the absolutely continuous part of the spectrum of J is equal to that of the asymptotic periodic Jacobi operator. This work is an extension of a recent result of S.A.Denisov.
For the periodic matrix-valued Jacobi operator $J$ we obtain the estimate of the Lebesgue measure of the spectrum $|\s(J)|\le4 \min_n\Tr(a_na_n^*)^\frac12$, where $a_n$ are off-diagonal elements of $J$. Moreover estimates of width of spectral bands are obtained.
We consider a periodic Jacobi operator $H$ with finitely supported perturbations on ${\Bbb Z}.$ We solve the inverse resonance problem: we prove that the mapping from finitely supported perturbations to the scattering data: the inverse of the transmission coefficient and the Jost function on the right half-axis, is one-to-one and onto. We consider the problem of reconstruction of the scattering data from all eigenvalues, resonances and the set of zeros of $R_-(λ)+1,$ where $R_-$ is the reflection coefficient.
We describe the spectral properties of the Jacobi operator $(Hy)_n= a_{n-1} y_{n-1}+a_{n}y_{n+1}+b_ny_n,$ $n\in\Z,$ with $a_n=a_n^0+ u_n,$ $b_n= b_n^0+ v_n,$ where sequences $a_n^0>0,$ $b_n^0\in\R$ are periodic with period $q$, and sequences $ u_n,$ $ v_n$ have compact support. In the case $ u_n\equiv 0$ we obtain the asymptotics of the spectrum in the limit of small perturbations $ v_n.$
The Wigner-von Neumann method, which was previously used for perturbing continuous Schrödinger operators, is here applied to their discrete counterparts. In particular, we consider perturbations of arbitrary $T$-periodic Jacobi matrices. The asymptotic behaviour of the subordinate solutions is investigated, as too are their initial components, together giving a general technique for embedding eigenvalues, $λ$, into the operator's absolutely continuous spectrum. Introducing a new rational function, $C(λ;T)$, related to the periodic Jacobi matrices, we describe the elements of the a.c. spectrum …
We consider the periodic Jacobi operator $J$ with finitely supported perturbations on the half-lattice. We describe all eigenvalues and resonances of $J$ and give their properties. We solve the inverse resonance problem: we prove that the mapping from finitely supported perturbations to the Jost functions is one-to-one and onto, we show how the Jost functions can be reconstructed from the eigenvalues, resonances and the set of zeros of $S(ł)-1,$ where $S(ł)$ is the scattering matrix.
We are interested in diagonal perturbations of a periodic Jacobi operator that introduce embedded eigenvalues in its essential spectrum. Embedding multiple points in the essential spectrum has been known to be difficult, given that eigenvalues are destroyed easily by small perturbations. However, given a finite or countably infinite set of points within an absolutely continuous band of the original periodic operator (subject only to a very weak non-resonance condition) we are able to construct a diagonal perturbation that preserves the essential spectrum and places eigenvalues in all of those …
For any dynamical system $T:X\rightarrow X$ of a compact metric space $X$ with $g-$almost product property and uniform separation property, under the assumptions that the periodic points are dense in $X$ and the periodic measures are dense in the space of invariant measures, we distinguish various periodic-like recurrences and find that they all carry full topological topological entropy and so do their gap-sets. In particular, this implies that any two kind of periodic-like recurrences are essentially different. Moreover, we coordinate periodic-like recurrences with (ir)regularity and obtain …
In a previous paper we presented $3+2M$ term recurrence relations with variable dependent coefficients for $M$-indexed orthogonal polynomials of Laguerre, Jacobi, Wilson and Askey-Wilson types. In this paper we present (conjectures of) the recurrence relations with constant coefficients for these multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials. The simplest recurrence relations have $3+2\ell$ terms, where $\ell (\geq M)$ is the degree of the lowest member of the multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials.
We present numerical study of a model of quantum walk in periodic potential on the line. We take the simple view that different potentials affect differently the way the coin state of the walker is changed. For simplicity and definiteness, we assume the walker's coin state is unaffected at sites without potential, and is rotated in an unbiased way according to Hadamard matrix at sites with potential. This is the simplest and most natural model of a quantum walk in a periodic potential with two coins. Six generic cases of such quantum walks were studied numerically. It is found that of the six …
Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for a measure to be the spectral measure of a finite range or exponentially decaying perturbation of a periodic Jacobi operator. As a corollary we can fully solve the inverse resonance problem: given resonances and eigenvalues we can recover the spectral measure of the Jacobi operator; we provide necessary and sufficient conditions under which such an operator exists and is unique; and we show that the inverse resonance problem is stable under small perturbations.
Ordinary orthogonal polynomials are uniquely characterized by the three term recurrence relations up to an overall multiplicative constant. We show that the newly discovered M-indexed orthogonal polynomials satisfy 3+2M term recurrence relations with non-trivial initial data of the lowest M+1 members. These include the multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials of Laguerre, Jacobi, Wilson and Askey-Wilson types. The M=0 case is the corresponding classical orthogonal polynomials.
In this paper we study the simplest deformation on a sequence of orthogonal polynomials, namely, replacing the original (or reference) weight $w_0(x)$ defined on an interval by $w_0(x)e^{-tx}.$ It is a well-known fact that under such a deformation the recurrence coefficients denoted as $α_n$ and $β_n$ evolve in $t$ according to the Toda equations, giving rise to the time dependent orthogonal polynomials, using Sogo's terminology. The resulting "time-dependent" Jacobi polynomials satisfy a linear second order ode. We will show that the coefficients of this ode are intimately related to a partic…
We present an analytical solution for triad nonlinear evolution equations with modified Schrödinger terms. An example for application in compressible water waves is presented.
The focusing Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is the simplest universal model describing the modulation instability (MI) of quasi monochromatic waves in weakly nonlinear media, the main physical mechanism for the generation of rogue (anomalous) waves (RWs) in Nature. In this paper we investigate the $x$-periodic Cauchy problem for NLS for a generic periodic initial perturbation of the unstable constant background solution, in the case of $N=1,2$ unstable modes. We use matched asymptotic expansion techniques to show that the solution of this problem describes an exact deterministic alternat…
The multi-indexed Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials form a complete set of orthogonal polynomials. They satisfy second-order differential equations but not three term recurrence relations, because of the 'holes' in their degrees. The multi-indexed Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials have Wronskian expressions originating from multiple Darboux transformations. For the ease of applications, two different forms of simplified expressions of the multi-indexed Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials are derived based on various identities. The parity transformation property of the multi-indexed Jacobi polynomials…
I will prove a recurrence theorem which says that any $H^s$ ($s>2$) solution to the 2D inviscid channel flow returns repeatedly to an arbitrarily small $H^0$ neighborhood. Periodic boundary condition is imposed along the stream-wise direction. The result is an extension of an early result of the author [Li, 09] on 2D Euler equation under periodic boundary conditions along both directions.
We consider the problem of embedding eigenvalues into the essential spectrum of periodic Jacobi operators, using an oscillating, decreasing potential. To do this we employ a geometric method, previously used to embed eigenvalues into the essential spectrum of the discrete Schrödinger operator. For periodic Jacobi operators we relax the rational dependence conditions on the values of the quasi-momenta from this previous work. We then explore conditions that permit not just the existence of infinitely many subordinate solutions to the formal spectral equation but also the embedding of infinitely…
We consider the exactly solvable quantum mechanical systems whose eigenfunctions are described by the multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials of Laguerre, Jacobi, Wilson and Askey-Wilson types. Corresponding to the recurrence relations with constant coefficients for the $M$-indexed orthogonal polynomials, it is expected that the systems satisfy the generalized closure relations. In fact we can verify this statement for small $M$ examples. The generalized closure relation gives the exact Heisenberg operator solution of a certain operator, from which the creation and annihilation operators of the s…
For an arbitrary Hermitian period-$T$ Jacobi operator, we assume a perturbation by a Wigner-von Neumann type potential to devise subordinate solutions to the formal spectral equation for a (possibly infinite) real set, $S$, of the spectral parameter. We employ discrete Levinson type techniques to achieve this, which allow the analysis of the asymptotic behaviour of the solution. This enables us to construct infinitely many spectral singularities on the absolutely continuous spectrum of the periodic Jacobi operator, which are stable with respect to an $l^1$-perturbation. An analogue of the quan…
In this paper, we first study the strong Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem for subharmonic functions with the Brjuno-Rüssmann shift on the Torus. Then, we apply it to prove the large deviation theorems for the finite scale Dirichlet determinants of quasi-periodic analytic Jacobi operators with this frequency. It shows that the Brjuno-Rüssmann function, which reflects the irrationality of the frequency, plays the key role in these theorems via the smallest deviation. At last, as an application, we obtain a distribution of the eigenvalues of the Jacobi operators with Dirichlet boundary conditions, which …
In previous papers, we discussed the recurrence relations of the multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials of the Laguerre, Jacobi, Wilson, Askey-Wilson, Racah and $q$-Racah types. In this paper we explore those of the Meixner-Pollaczek and continuous Hahn types. For the $M$-indexed Meixner-Pollaczek and continuous Hahn polynomials, we present $3+2M$ term recurrence relations with variable dependent coefficients and $1+2L$ term ($L\geq M+1$) recurrence relations with constant coefficients. Based on the latter, the generalized closure relations and the creation/annihilation operators of the quantum …
In previous papers, we discussed the recurrence relations of the multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials of the Laguerre, Jacobi, Wilson and Askey-Wilson types. In this paper we explore those of the Racah and $q$-Racah types. For the $M$-indexed ($q$-)Racah polynomials, we derive $3+2M$ term recurrence relations with variable dependent coefficients and $1+2L$ term ($L\geq M+1$) recurrence relations with constant coefficients. Based on the latter, the generalized closure relations and the creation and annihilation operators of the quantum mechanical systems described by the multi-indexed ($q$-)Rac…
