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arXiv 1406.0218cond-mat.str-el
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拓扑有序相的弦通量机制

String flux mechanism for fractionalization in topologically ordered phases

Michael Hermele

摘要:

我们构建了一个家庭的完全可解的自旋模型,说明了一种新的机制,在拓扑有序的阶段,被称为弦通量机制的分馏。其基本思想是,一个拓扑相位的任意子,当其上的弦滑过基态的通量背景图案时,可以被赋予分数量子数。描述这一机制的弦通量模型是定义在特殊构造的$d$ -维晶格上的$Z_n$量子偶模型,并且具有$d \geq 2$的$Z_n$拓扑序。该模型有一个单一的,内部对称$G$,其中$G$是一个任意的有限群。最简单的弦通量模型是定义在双层正方形晶格上的$Z_2$复曲面代码,其中$G = Z_2$是层交换对称。通常,通过改变基态中的$Z_n$通量的模式,可以为$Z_n$电荷激发实现任何期望的细分类[$H^2(G, Z_n)$的元素]。虽然弦通量模型不是规范理论,但它们在一定限度内映射到$Z_n$规范理论,在那里它们遵循一条新的磁场路径,导致低能规范结构的出现。通过研究$G$对称性对$Z_n$电荷激发的作用,并通过测量$G$对称性来分析模型。后一种分析证实,不同的分馏类产生不同的量子相,除了类$[ω], [ω]^{-1} \in H^2(G, Z_n)$产生相同的相。最后,我们讨论了开放的问题和未来的方向。

英文摘要:

We construct a family of exactly solvable spin models that illustrate a novel mechanism for fractionalization in topologically ordered phases, dubbed the string flux mechanism. The essential idea is that an anyon of a topological phase can be endowed with fractional quantum numbers when the string attached to it slides over a background pattern of flux in the ground state. The string flux models that illustrate this mechanism are $Z_n$ quantum double models defined on specially constructed $d$-dimensional lattices, and possess $Z_n$ topological order for $d \geq 2$. The models have a unitary, internal symmetry $G$, where $G$ is an arbitrary finite group. The simplest string flux model is a $Z_2$ toric code defined on a bilayer square lattice, where $G = Z_2$ is layer-exchange symmetry. In general, by varying the pattern of $Z_n$ flux in the ground state, any desired fractionalization class [element of $H^2(G, Z_n)$] can be realized for the $Z_n$ charge excitations. While the string flux models are not gauge theories, they map to $Z_n$ gauge theories in a certain limit, where they follow a novel magnetic route for the emergence of low-energy gauge structure. The models are analyzed by studying the action of $G$ symmetry on $Z_n$ charge excitations, and by gauging the $G$ symmetry. The latter analysis confirms that distinct fractionalization classes give rise to distinct quantum phases, except that classes $[ω], [ω]^{-1} \in H^2(G, Z_n)$ give rise to the same phase. We conclude with a discussion of open issues and future directions.

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