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arXiv 1311.2152astro-ph.CO
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再电离II的直接数值模拟:双折射、聚束因子和再电离光子收支

Direct Numerical Simulation of Reionization II: Recombinations, Clumping Factors, and the Photon Budget for Reionization

Geoffrey C. So, Michael L. Norman, Daniel R. Reynolds, Robert P. Harkness

摘要:

在这第一个几个应用程序的文件,我们调查的机制,从恒星源在高Z星系的再电离,估计在IGM的重组时间的各种聚集因子的效用,和光子预算需要实现再电离。我们测试的准确性的静态和时间依赖模型的Madau等人。再电离完成/维护的预测。我们在一个20 Mpc的共动立方体中模拟了一个WMAP 7 LCDM宇宙模型,该模型包含800^3个均匀流体单元和暗物质粒子。通过调整我们的恒星形成近似匹配观测到的恒星形成率密度和光度函数,我们创造了一个完全耦合的辐射氢实现H再电离,开始在z~10,并在z~5.8完成。我们发现,大约2个电离光子每个H原子需要转换中性IGM到一个高度电离的状态,这支持的“光子饥饿”的情况下讨论的博尔顿和Haehnelt。再电离过程中导致这个数字的事件通常可以被描述为由内而外,但实际上,这种叙述取决于人们认为电离的气体的电离水平。我们发现,Madau等人推导的维持IGM电离状态所需的紫外光子产生率dN/dt_ion(z)的公式不应该用来预测再电离完成的时间,因为它忽略了全局电离平衡中不可忽略的历史依赖项。我们发现,电离体积分数QHII的时间依赖模型是更好的预测,但高估了红移的再电离完成的delta_z~1。我们提出了一个修改后的公式的时间依赖模型,同意我们的模拟O(1%)。最后,我们使用我们的模拟来估计全球紫外线逃逸分数,由于环星系气体解决我们的网格为<f_esc>~0.7。

英文摘要:

In this first of several application papers, we investigate the mechanics of reionization from stellar sources in high-z galaxies, the utility of various clumping factors on estimating the recombination time in the IGM, and the photon budget required to achieve reionization. We test the accuracy of the static and time-dependent models of Madau et al. as predictors of reionization completion/maintenance. We simulate a WMAP7 LCDM cosmological model in a 20 Mpc comoving cube with 800^3 uniform fluid cells and dark matter particles. By tuning our star formation to approximately match the observed star formation rate density and luminosity function, we created a fully coupled radiation-hydro realization of H reionization which begins to ionize at z~10 and completes at z~5.8. We find that roughly 2 ionizing photons per H atom are required to convert the neutral IGM to a highly ionized state, which supports the "photon starved" scenario discussed by Bolton & Haehnelt. The events during reionization that lead to this number can generally be described as inside-out, but in reality the narrative depends on the level of ionization of the gas one attributes to as ionized. We find that the formula for the UV photon production rate dN/dt_ion(z) needed to maintain the IGM in an ionized state derived by Madau et al. should not be used to predict the epoch of reionization completion because it ignores history-dependent terms in the global ionization balance which are not ignorable. We find that the time-dependent model for the ionized volume fraction Q_HII is more predictive, but overestimates the redshift of reionization completion by delta_z~1. We propose a revised formulation of the time-dependent model which agrees with our simulation to O(1%). Finally, we use our simulation to estimate a global UV escape fraction due to circumgalactic gas resolved on our mesh to be <f_esc>~0.7.

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