Alberto De Sole, Victor G. Kac, Daniele Valeri
We construct an analogue of Dirac's reduction for an arbitrary local or non-local Poisson bracket in the general setup of non-local Poisson vertex algebras. This leads to Dirac's reduction of an arbitrary non-local Poisson structure. We apply this construction to an example of a generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy.
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We develop the theory of double multiplicative Poisson vertex algebras. These structures, defined at the level of associative algebras, are shown to be such that they induce a classical structure of multiplicative Poisson vertex algebra on the corresponding representation spaces. Moreover, we prove that they are in one-to-one correspondence with local lattice double Poisson algebras, a new important class among Van den Bergh's double Poisson algebras. We derive several classification results, and we exhibit their relation to non-abelian integrable differential-difference equations. A rigorous …
We develop the formalism of double Poisson vertex algebras (local and non-local) aimed at the study of non-commutative Hamiltionan PDEs. This is a generalization of the theory of double Poisson algebras, developed by Van den Bergh, which is used in the study of Hamiltonian ODEs. We apply our theory of double Poisson vertex algebras to non-commutative KP and Gelfand-Dickey hierarchies. We also construct the related non-commutative de Rham and variational complexes.
We describe a conjectural classification of Poisson vertex algebras of CFT type and of Poisson vertex algebras in one differential variable (= scalar Hamiltonian operators).
We construct a canonical map from the Poisson vertex algebra cohomology complex to the differential Harrison cohomology complex, which restricts to an isomorphism on the top degree. This is an important step in the computation of Poisson vertex algebra and vertex algebra cohomologies.
We develop methods for computation of Poisson vertex algebra cohomology. This cohomology is computed for the free bosonic and fermionic Poisson vertex (super)algebras, as well as for the universal affine and Virasoro Poisson vertex algebras. We establish finite dimensionality of this cohomology for conformal Poisson vertex (super)algebras that are finitely and freely generated by elements of positive conformal weight.
We develop the notions of multiplicative Lie conformal and Poisson vertex algebras, local and non-local, and their connections to the theory of integrable differential-difference Hamiltonian equations. We establish relations of these notions to $q$-deformed $W$-algebras and lattice Poisson algebras. We introduce the notion of Adler type pseudodifference operators and apply them to integrability of differential-difference Hamiltonian equations.
A new notion of a dual Poisson-presymplectic pair is introduced and its properties are examined. The procedure of Dirac reduction of Poisson operators onto submanifolds proposed by Dirac is in this paper embedded in a geometric procedure of reduction of dual Poisson-presymplectic pairs. The method presented generalizes those used by Marsden and Ratiu for reductions of Poisson manifolds. Two examples are given.
The notions of vertex Lie algebra and vertex Poisson algebra are presented and connections among vertex Lie algebras, vertex Poisson algebras and vertex algebras are discussed.
The theory of triples of Poisson brackets and related integrable systems, based on a classical R-matrix R in End_F(g), where g is a finite dimensional associative algebra over a field F viewed as a Lie algebra, was developed by Oevel-Ragnisco and Li-Parmentier [OR89,LP89]. In the present paper we develop an "affine" analogue of this theory by introducing the notion of a continuous Poisson vertex algebra and constructing triples of Poisson lambda-brackets. We introduce the corresponding Adler type identities and apply them to integrability of hierarchies of Hamiltonian PDEs.
We provide a description of the Drinfeld-Sokolov Hamiltonian reduction for the construction of classical W-algebras within the framework of Poisson vertex algebras. In this context, the gauge group action on the phase space is translated in terms of (the exponential of) a Lie conformal algebra action on the space of functions. Following the ideas of Drinfeld and Sokolov, we then establish under certain sufficient conditions the applicability of the Lenard-Magri scheme of integrability and the existence of the corresponding integrable hierarchy of bi-Hamiltonian equations.
We put the Adler-Gelfand-Dickey approach to classical W-algebras in the framework of Poisson vertex algebras. We show how to recover the bi-Poisson structure of the KP hierarchy, together with its generalizations and reduction to the N-th KdV hierarchy, using the formal distribution calculus and the lambda-bracket formalism. We apply the Lenard-Magri scheme to prove integrability of the corresponding hierarchies. We also give a simple proof of a theorem of Kupershmidt and Wilson in this framework. Based on this approach, we generalize all these results to the matrix case. In particular, we fin…
An operadic approach to vertex algebra and Poisson vertex algebra cohomology
本文将chiral operad构造翻译为顶点代数的纯代数语言，由此产生顶点代数上同调复形，并通过其相伴分次导出Poisson顶点代数上同调复形，且后者与变分Poisson上同调密切相关。
We give an introduction to the Mathematica packages "MasterPVA" and "MasterPVAmulti used to compute lambda-brackets in Poisson vertex algebras, which play an important role in the theory of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems. As an application, we give an introduction to the Mathematica package "WAlg" aimed to compute the lambda-brackets among the generators of classical affine W-algebras. The use of these packages is shown by providing some explicit examples.
These lectures were given in Session 1: "Vertex algebras, W-algebras, and applications" of INdAM Intensive research period "Perspectives in Lie Theory" at the Centro di Ricerca Matematica Ennio De Giorgi, Pisa, Italy, December 9, 2014 -- February 28, 2015.
Logarithmic vertex algebras and non-local Poisson vertex algebras
本文证明带滤过的对数顶点代数之相应分次空间自然诱导非局部 Poisson 顶点代数结构，并据此构造两类代数的新例子。
Poisson vertex algebras and Hamiltonian PDE
本文研究泊松顶点代数及其推广与哈密顿偏微分方程可积性的关系，利用仿射经典 W-代数构造一大类可积哈密顿 PDE，并讨论双重 PVA 与乘法 PVA 框架下的非交换及微分-差分哈密顿方程。
We extend the correspondence between Poisson maps and actions of symplectic groupoids, which generalizes the one between momentum maps and hamiltonian actions, to the realm of Dirac geometry. As an example, we show how hamiltonian quasi-Poisson manifolds fit into this framework by constructing an ``inversion'' procedure relating quasi-Poisson bivectors to twisted Dirac structures.
Algebraic operad of SUSY Poisson vertex algebra
本文延续此前SUSY顶点代数operad的研究，引入刻画SUSY Poisson顶点代数结构的SUSY coisson operad，证明其是经典Poisson顶点代数operad的自然SUSY类比，并给出滤过情形下的分次嵌入结果。
The Dirac reduction technique used previously to obtain solutions of the classical dynamical Yang-Baxter equation on the dual of a Lie algebra is extended to the Poisson-Lie case and is shown to yield naturally certain dynamical r-matrices on the duals of Poisson-Lie groups found by Etingof, Enriquez and Marshall in math.QA/0403283.
We describe an averaging procedure on a Dirac manifold, with respect to a class of compatible actions of a compact Lie group. Some averaging theorems on the existence of invariant realizations of Poisson structures around (singular) symplectic leaves are derived. We show that the construction of coupling Dirac structures (invariant with respect to locally Hamiltonian group actions) on a Poisson foliation is related with a special class of exact gauge transformations.
Poisson-Dirac Submanifolds as a Paradigm for Imposing Constraints in Non-dissipative Plasma Models
本文基于 Poisson-Dirac 子流形理论推广了 Dirac 约束理论，以无坐标方式放宽可逆性条件，并通过 Gass 定律和理想双流体模型实例验证了其在非耗散等离子体约束施加中的有效性。
We present the fundamental solutions for the spin-1/2 fields propagating in the spacetimes with power type expansion/contraction and the fundamental solution of the Cauchy problem for the Dirac equation. The derivation of these fundamental solutions is based on formulas for the solutions to the generalized Euler-Poisson-Darboux equation, which are obtained by the integral transform approach.
A large class of supersymmetric quantum field theories, including all theories with $\mathcal{N} = 2$ supersymmetry in three dimensions and theories with $\mathcal{N} = 2$ supersymmetry in four dimensions, possess topological-holomorphic sectors. We formulate Poisson vertex algebras in such topological-holomorphic sectors and discuss some examples. For a four-dimensional $\mathcal{N} = 2$ superconformal field theory, the associated Poisson vertex algebra is the classical limit of a vertex algebra generated by a subset of local operators of the theory.
Let S be the direct sum of algebra of symmetric groups C S_n for a non-negative integer n. We show that the Grothendieck group K_0(S) of the category of finite dimensional modules of S is isomorphic to the differential algebra of polynomials Z[D^n x]. Moreover, for a non-negative integer m, we define m-th products on K_0(S) which make the algebra K_0(S) isomorphic to an integral form of the Virasoro-Magri Poisson vertex algebra. Also, we investigate relations between K_0(S) and K_0(N) where K_0(N) is the direct sum of Grothendieck groups K_0(N_n) of finitely generated projective N_n-modules. H…
We study sheaves on holomorphic spaces of loops and apply this to the study of the complex, defined in \cite{BdSHK}, governing deformations of the \emph{Poisson vertex algebra} structure on the space of holomorphic loops into a Poisson variety. We describe this complex in terms of the (continuous) de Rham-Lie cohomology of an associated Lie algebroid object in locally linearly compact topological (alias \emph{Tate}) sheaves of modules on $\mathcal{L}^{+}M$. In particular this allows us to easily compute the cohomology of the above in the case where $π$ is symplectic - we obtain de Rham cohomol…
Higher Courant-Dorfman algebras and associated higher Poisson vertex algebras
本文研究了Courant-Dorfman代数与Poisson顶点代数之间更高阶关系，定义了更高阶Courant-Dorfman代数，并探讨其与带状辛几何的关系，给出了非退化情况下的-阶带状Poisson代数，并通过有限维向量丛构造了更高阶Courant-Dorfman代数。
Quasi-Lie bialgebroids, Dirac structures and deformations of Poisson quasi-Nijenhuis manifolds
本文通过闭2-形式形变Poisson拟Nijenhuis流形，将其解释为拟李双代数胚的扭转特例，并在Courant代数胚与Dirac结构框架下给出结果。
Using tools from Dirac geometry and through an explicit construction, we show that every Poisson homogeneous space of any Poisson Lie group admits an integration to a symplectic groupoid. Our theorem follows from a more general result which relates, for a principal bundle $M\to M/H$, integrations of a Dirac structure on $M/H$ to $H$-admissible integrations of its pullback Dirac structure on $M$ by pre-symplectic groupoids. Our construction gives a distinguished class of explicit real or holomorphic pre-symplectic and symplectic groupoids over semi-simple Lie groups and some of their homogeneou…
The theory of Nambu-Poisson structures on manifolds is extended to the context of Lie algebroids, in a natural way based on the Vinogradov bracket associated with Lie algebroid cohomology. We show that, under certain assumptions, any Nambu-Poisson structure on a Lie algebroid is decomposable.Also, we introduce the concept of a higher order Dirac structure on a Lie algebroid. This allows to describe both Nambu-Poisson structures on Lie algebroids and Dirac structures on manifolds in the same setting.
Poisson Vertex Algebra of Seiberg-Witten Theory
本文研究了四维N=2超对称理论中局部算子的泊松顶点代数结构，提出一个候选的非微扰holomorphic-拓扑可观测量代数，并计算其Hilbert-Poincaré级数以细化Schur指数。
In this paper, we construct a homotopy Poisson algebra of degree 3 associated to a split Lie 2-algebroid, by which we give a new approach to characterize a split Lie 2-bialgebroid. We develop the differential calculus associated to a split Lie 2-algebroid and establish the Manin triple theory for split Lie 2-algebroids. More precisely, we give the notion of a strict Dirac structure and define a Manin triple for split Lie 2-algebroids to be a CLWX 2-algebroid with two transversal strict Dirac structures. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between Manin triples for split Lie 2-alg…
We study gauge transformations of Dirac structures and the relationship between gauge and Morita equivalences of Poisson manifolds. We describe how the symplectic structure of a symplectic groupoid is affected by a gauge transformation of the Poisson structure on its identity section, and prove that gauge-equivalent integrable Poisson structures are Morita equivalent. As an example, we study certain generic sets of Poisson structures on Riemann surfaces: we find complete gauge-equivalence invariants for such structures which, on the 2-sphere, yield a complete invariant of Morita equivalence.
We lay down the foundations of the theory of Poisson vertex algebras aimed at its applications to integrability of Hamiltonian partial differential equations. Such an equation is called integrable if it can be included in an infinite hierarchy of compatible Hamiltonian equations, which admit an infinite sequence of linearly independent integrals of motion in involution. The construction of a hierarchy and its integrals of motion is achieved by making use of the so called Lenard scheme. We find simple conditions which guarantee that the scheme produces an infinite sequence of closed 1-forms ω_j…
Dirac reductions and Classical W-algebras
该研究将Dirac约化推广到非局部Poisson顶点超代数等两类情形，再通过修正后的Dirac约化方法解释经典W-超代数与SUSY经典W-代数的结构。
We study the restriction to a family of second class constrained submanifolds in the cotangent bundle of a double Lie group, equipped with a 2-cocycle extended symplectic form, building the corresponding Dirac brackets. It is shown that, for a 2-cocycle vanishing on each isotropic subspaces of the associated Manin triple, the Dirac bracket contains no traces of the cocycle. We also investigate the restriction of the left translation action of the double Lie group on its cotangent bundle, where it fails in to be a symmetry a canonical transformation. However, the hamiltonian symmetry is restore…
Poisson structure of the 4-vertex model, and the higher-spin XXX chain, and Yang-Baxter algebras
本文对4-顶点模型实现量子逆散射方法，通过转移矩阵低阶展开导出关系系统，在弱有限体积极限下渐近近似生成泊松结构的十六个括号，并将该计算结构直接转移至高自旋XXX链，揭示了相关的Yang-Baxter代数结构。
In this note we present some properties of the Dirac operator on noncompact metric graphs with Kirchoff-type vertex conditions. In particular, we discuss the specific features of the spectrum of the operator and, finally, we give some further details on the associated quadratic form (and on the form domain).
Stokes-Dirac structures are infinite-dimensional Dirac structures defined in terms of differential forms on a smooth manifold with boundary. These Dirac structures lay down a geometric framework for the formulation of Hamiltonian systems with a nonzero boundary energy flow. Simplicial triangulation of the underlaying manifold leads to the so-called simplicial Dirac structures, discrete analogues of Stokes-Dirac structures, and thus provides a natural framework for deriving finite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems that emulate their infinite-dimensional counterparts. The port-Hamiltonian sys…
Graded Poisson and Graded Dirac structures
本文针对经典场论几何框架构建需求，综述分次辛、泊松及狄拉克结构相关概念，梳理其关联并提出一种含温和正则性条件的分次推广形式，有望推动经典场论多方向研究。
Using the curved bc-beta-gamma system (a tensor product of a Heisenberg and a Clifford vertex algebra) we introduce quantum analogy of Lichnerowicz differential. As follows we suggest new machinery for finding the Lichnerowicz-Poisson cohomology groups for any Poisson manifold. Moreover, the defined provides new invariant. Keywords: Poisson manifold, Lichnerowicz differential, Chiral de Rham complex, cohomologies, vertex algebras, deformation theory, Nambu-Poisson bracket, n-Lie algebras, Gromov-Witten theory.
The reduced Dirac structure of General Relativity on manifolds with corners
本文推导四维Palatini-Cartan引力的角泊松结构，利用边界约束代数得到角场空间的预狄拉克结构及约化过程，将约化角理论呈现为类BF理论并导出BF²V形式，为引力的体、边界和角结构提供统一框架基础。
We define Poisson-geometric analogues of Kitaev's lattice models. They are obtained from a Kitaev model on an embedded graph $Γ$ by replacing its Hopf algebraic data with Poisson data for a Poisson-Lie group G. Each edge is assigned a copy of the Heisenberg double $\mathcal H(G)$. Each vertex (face) of $Γ$ defines a Poisson action of $G$ (of $G^*$) on the product of these Heisenberg doubles. The actions for a vertex and adjacent face form a Poisson action of the double Poisson-Lie group $D(G)$. We define Poisson counterparts of vertex and face operators and relate them via the Poisson bracket …
We construct and study some vertex theoretic invariants associated to Poisson varieties, specialising in the conformal weight $0$ case to the familiar package of Poisson homology and cohomology. In order to do this conceptually we sketch a version of the \emph{calculus}, in the sense of \cite{TT}, adapted to the context of vertex algebras. We obtain the standard theorems of Poisson (co)homology in this \emph{chiral} context. This is part of a larger project related to promoting non-commutative geometric structures to chiral versions of such.
Braided Logarithmic Vertex Algebras
本文研究由辫状映射定义的代数族，依据映射半单或局部幂零分别得到广义顶点代数与对数顶点代数，并通过关联非局部 Poisson 顶点代数构造新例子。
It is well known that the validity of the so called Lenard-Magri scheme of integrability of a bi-Hamiltonian PDE can be established if one has some precise information on the corresponding 1st variational Poisson cohomology for one of the two Hamiltonian operators. In the first part of the paper we explain how to introduce various cohomology complexes, including Lie superalgebra and Poisson cohomology complexes, and basic and reduced Lie conformal algebra and Poisson vertex algebra cohomology complexes, by making use of the corresponding universal Lie superalebra or Lie conformal superalgebra.…
In this paper we extensively study the notion of Hamiltonian structure for nonabelian differential-difference systems, exploring the link between the different algebraic (in terms of double Poisson algebras and vertex algebras) and geometric (in terms of nonabelian Poisson bivectors) definitions. We introduce multiplicative double Poisson vertex algebras (PVAs) as the suitable noncommutative counterpart to multiplicative PVAs, used to describe Hamiltonian differential-difference equations in the commutative setting, and prove that these algebras are in one-to-one correspondence with the Poisso…
The incompressibility constraint for fluid flow was imposed by Lagrange in the so-called Lagrangian variable description using his method of multipliers in the Lagrangian (variational) formulation. An alternative is the imposition of incompressibility in the Eulerian variable description by a generalization of Dirac's constraint method using noncanonical Poisson brackets. Here it is shown how to impose the incompressibility constraint using Dirac's method in terms of both the canonical Poisson brackets in the Lagrangian variable description and the noncanonical Poisson brackets in the Eulerian…
We consider Khudaverdian's geometric version of a Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) operator Δ_E in the case of a degenerate anti-Poisson manifold. The characteristic feature of such an operator (aside from being a Grassmann-odd, nilpotent, second-order differential operator) is that it sends semidensities to semidensities. We find a local formula for the Δ_E operator in arbitrary coordinates. As an important application of this setup, we consider the Dirac antibracket on an antisymplectic manifold with antisymplectic second-class constraints. We show that the entire Dirac construction, including the co…
Shifted symplectic structures and Poisson vertex algebra
本文通过1-移位辛结构构造泊松顶点代数，并利用经典R矩阵作为Maurer-Cartan数据，推导出AKS型可积层次。
Let H_T=C[T,T^{-1}] be the Hopf algebra of symmetries of a lattice of rank 1, or equivalently, H_T is the group algebra of a free Abelian group with one generator T. We construct conformal algebras, vertex Poisson algebras and vertex algebras with H_T as symmetry. For example, the Hamiltonian structure for the infinite Toda lattice gives rise to an H_T-vertex Poisson structure on a free difference algebra. Examples of H_T-vertex algebras are constructed from representations of a class of infinite dimensional Lie algebras related to H_T in the same way loop algebras are related to the Hopf alge…
Quantum inverse scattering for the 20-vertex model up to Dynkin automorphism: 3D Poisson structure, triangular height functions, weak integrability
本文基于量子反散射方法研究20顶点模型，利用更高维的L算子实现类似可积性的概念，探讨3D泊松结构和三角高度函数对相关性的影响。
Poisson structure and Integrability of a Hamiltonian flow for the inhomogeneous six-vertex model
本文计算了非均匀六顶点模型 Hamiltonian 流的 action-angle 变量，证实了其可积性猜想，并利用 Faddeev 和 Takhtajan 的方法通过 Poisson 括号和矩阵条目分析证明了该性质。
We develop a general scheme to construct integrable systems starting from realizations in symmetric coboundary dynamical Lie algebroids and symmetric coboundary Poisson groupoids. The method is based on the successive use of Dirac reduction and Poisson reduction. Then we show that certain spin Calogero-Moser systems associated with symmetric Lie subalgebras can be studied in this fashion. We also consider some spin-generalized Ruisjenaars- Schneider equations which correspond to the $N$-soliton solutions of $A^{(1)}_n$ affine Toda field theory. In this case, we show how the equations are obtai…
On Hamiltonian formulations of the Dirac system
该研究通过狄拉克-伯格曼算法将约束薛定谔系统的哈密顿表述扩展到狄拉克场，引入旋量变量、修改的泊松括号等，恢复狄拉克方程，并提出正则二次量子化方案得到正确反对易关系。
The procedure of Dirac reduction of Poisson operators on submanifolds is discussed within a particularly useful special realization of the general Marsden-Ratiu reduction procedure. The Dirac classification of constraints on 'first-class' constraints and 'second-class' constraints is reexamined.
We present the construction of the classical Batalin-Vilkovisky action for topological Dirac sigma models. The latter are two-dimensional topological field theories that simultaneously generalise the completely gauged Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model and the Poisson sigma model. Their underlying structure is that of Dirac manifolds associated to maximal isotropic and integrable subbundles of an exact Courant algebroid twisted by a 3-form. In contrast to the Poisson sigma model, the AKSZ construction is not applicable for the general Dirac sigma model. We therefore follow a direct approach for …
We call a singularity of a presymplectic form $ω$ removable in its graph if its graph extends to a smooth Dirac structure over the singularity. An example for this is the symplectic form of a magnetic monopole. A criterion for the removability of singularities is given in terms of regularizing functions for pure spinors. All removable singularities are poles in the sense that the norm of $ω$ is not locally bounded. The points at which removable singularities occur are the non-regular points of the Dirac structure for which we prove a general splitting theorem: Locally, every Dirac structure is…
This work contains a brief and elementary exposition of the foundations of Poisson and symplectic geometries, with an emphasis on applications for Hamiltonian systems with second-class constraints. In particular, we clarify the geometric meaning of the Dirac bracket on a symplectic manifold and provide a proof of the Jacobi identity on a Poisson manifold. A number of applications of the Dirac bracket are described: applications for the proof of the compatibility of a system consisting of differential and algebraic equations, as well as applications for the problem of reduction of a Hamiltonian…
We consider constrained Hamiltonian systems in the framework of Dirac's theory. We show that the Jacobi identity results from imposing that the constraints are Casimir invariants, regardless of the fact that the matrix of Poisson brackets between constraints is invertible or not. We point out that the proof we provide ensures the validity of the Jacobi identity everywhere in phase space, and not just on the surface defined by the constraints. Two examples are considered: A finite dimensional system with an odd number of constraints, and the Vlasov-Poisson reduction from Vlasov-Maxwell equation…
Exact solvability of an Ising-type model, and exact solvability of the 6-vertex, and 8-vertex, models
本文通过计算ising型模型的行动-角度坐标，证明了介于6顶点和8顶点模型之间的模型具有精确可解性。
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