The dynamics of sex ratio evolution: the nature and role of the male subpopulation equilibrium
Krzysztof Argasinski
备注：
CAUTION!!! This is a working version of the paper and soon will be replaced by new, extended version containing additional numerical simulations and new results. Numerical simulations revealed some new surprising patterns. In effect, some interpretations of the analytical results from this version are falsified by new results and will be substantially reformulated in the upcoming version
The classical approaches to the modeling of sex ratio evolution can be divided into two classes. The first class contains the static strategic models related to the Dusing Fisher Shaw Mohler fitness measure, based on the reproductive value of the offspring of the focal female. The second class contains the population genetic models focused on the dynamics of the allele frequencies. The approaches are not fully compatible because the strategic models disregard the role of the male individuals as the passive carriers of the strategy genes. In the previous two papers in this cycle, a new model combining the strategic analysis with more rigorous genetics was presented. The new model shows that sex ratio self-regulation is a multistage complex process which can be regarded as an example of multilevel selection. One of the elements of this process is the dynamic equilibrium between male and female gene carriers associated with convergence of the dynamics to the manifold termed the male subpopulation equilibrium (MSE). This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon and analyze its properties. We show that the MSE phenomenon affects every stage of sex ratio self-regulation (Lemmas 1-4). The MSE plays a crucial role in synchronizing two levels of selection in the double-level selection process. We show that the MSE condition can be generalized as an interesting synergistic property allowing for the estimation of the primary sex ratio of the entire population according to the state of some arbitrarily chosen subpopulation (Lemma 5). We also show that the classical Dusing Fisher Shaw Mohler fitness measure is a biased approximation of the new approach, but that it produces compatible strategic predictions (Lemma 6).
The vulnerable male brain: Men's spatial abilities are condition-dependent, sexually selected traits
University of Missouri（密苏里大学）；University of Genoa（热那亚大学）；Middlebury College（米德尔伯里学院）；California State University, Fullerton（加州州立大学富勒顿分校）；University of Roehampton（罗汉普顿大学）
Sex Differences in Severity and Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19: Evidence from Pooled Literature Analysis and Insights from Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis
目的：对当前研究进行荟萃分析，研究COVID-19患者严重程度和死亡率的性别差异，并确定支持这些差异的潜在机制。研究方法：我们进行了一项系统性综述，以整理来自观察性研究的数据，研究性别差异与COVID-19临床结局的相关性。检索PubMed、Web of Science和4个预印本服务器以查找相关研究。在可能的情况下，使用荟萃分析提取和分析数据，否则提供汇总数据。分析了公开可用的批量RNA测序（RNA-seq）、单细胞RNA测序（scRNA-seq）和染色质免疫沉淀测序（ChIP-seq）数据，以探索观察到的相关性的潜在机制。结果：39项研究符合纳入标准，代表77932例患者，其中41510例（53.3%）为男性。与女性相比，男性患严重病例的风险明显增加。此外，男性组死亡率的合并比值比（OR）与女性组相比，男性的死亡率显着较高。来自scRNA-seq的数据表明，男性比女性具有更高数量的表达ACE 2的肺泡II型细胞。存在基于性别的免疫差异。雄激素受体（AR）的表达与ACE 2呈正相关，有证据表明AR可能直接调节ACE 2的表达。结论：这项荟萃分析发现，男性COVID-19患者的严重程度和死亡率增加，这可能归因于肺部细胞组成和免疫微环境的性别差异。宿主细胞受体ACE 2可能受AR信号通路调节，其被确定为预防和治疗男性SARS-Cov-2感染的潜在靶点。
