生活史〈动〉和交配系统选择通过natural selection和生态反馈介导的雄性偏向寄生
Life history and mating systems select for male biased parasitism mediated through natural selection and ecological feedbacks
摘要：
雄性通常是“病得更重”的性别，在分类学上多样化的物种中发现了雄性偏见的寄生现象。有相当大的兴趣的过程，可能是性别偏见的寄生进化的基础。交配系统的差异以及寿命的差异可能起着关键作用。我们研究这些因素是否可能导致男性偏见的寄生通过自然选择考虑到生态反馈在防御进化中发挥的关键作用。我们使用一个具有两性的宿主-寄生虫模型和适应动力学的技术来研究交配系统和竞争能力和寿命的性别差异如何选择寄生率的偏差。当雄性的平均寿命较短或雄性对资源的竞争更激烈时，就会选择雄性偏向的寄生。偏向雄性的寄生是由于生活史〈动〉<动>导致易感雌性的比例高于雄性，从而降低了避免寄生在雄性身上的成本。不同的交配制度，如一夫一妻制，一夫多妻制或一妻多夫制没有产生偏见的寄生通过这些生态反馈，但可能会加剧现有的偏见。
英文摘要：
Males are often the "sicker" sex with male biased parasitism found in a taxonomically diverse range of species. There is considerable interest in the processes that could underlie the evolution of sex-biased parasitism. Mating system differences along with differences in lifespan may play a key role. We examine whether these factors are likely to lead to male-biased parasitism through natural selection taking into account the critical role that ecological feedbacks play in the evolution of defence. We use a host-parasite model with two-sexes and the techniques of adaptive dynamics to investigate how mating system and sexual differences in competitive ability and longevity can select for a bias in the rates of parasitism. Male-biased parasitism is selected for when males have a shorter average lifespan or when males are subject to greater competition for resources. Male-biased parasitism evolves as a consequence of sexual differences in life history that produce a greater proportion of susceptible females than males and therefore reduce the cost of avoiding parasitism in males. Different mating systems such as monogamy, polygamy or polyandry did not produce a bias in parasitism through these ecological feedbacks but may accentuate an existing bias.
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