性别偏向扩散理论述评
Sex-biased dispersal: a review of the theory
摘要：
扩散是无处不在的整个生命之树：选择扩散的因素包括亲属竞争，避免近亲繁殖和时空变化的资源或栖息地的适合性。这些因素的不同之处在于它们是否同样强烈地促进雄性和雌性的扩散，并且对一种性别的扩散的选择通常取决于另一种性别的扩散程度。例如，为了避免近亲繁殖，一种性别的动物离开出生地就足够了。试图了解性别特异性扩散进化创造了丰富的理论文献，我们在这里回顾。我们强调经验和理论文献之间的一个有趣的差距。前者将不同的性别偏向扩散模式与交配系统联系起来，如一夫一妻制鸟类的雌性偏向扩散和一夫多妻制哺乳动物的雄性偏向扩散。主要的解释可以追溯到格林伍德（1980）的想法，即成功的philopatric或分散的个人是如何获得配偶或吸引他们所需的资源。然而，令人惊讶的是，理论的发展独立于这些想法：理论工作中的主导思想跟踪移民和移民如何改变相关模式，并减轻对有限资源的竞争，通常被认为是性别不同的，繁殖地点和可受精的女性分别限制了女性和男性的繁殖成功。我们发现，交配系统和性别偏见的传播之间的联系是远远没有解决：有研究表明，交配系统的问题，但一夫多妻制和男性偏见的传播之间的关联是不是一个简单的理论预期。(full PDF中的摘要）
英文摘要：
Dispersal is ubiquitous throughout the tree of life: factors selecting for dispersal include kin competition, inbreeding avoidance and spatiotemporal variation in resources or habitat suitability. These factors differ in whether they promote male and female dispersal equally strongly, and often selection on dispersal of one sex depends on how much the other disperses. For example, for inbreeding avoidance it can be sufficient that one sex disperses away from the natal site. Attempts to understand sex-specific dispersal evolution have created a rich body of theoretical literature, which we review here. We highlight an interesting gap between empirical and theoretical literature. The former associates different patterns of sex-biased dispersal with mating systems, such as female-biased dispersal in monogamous birds and male-biased dispersal in polygynous mammals. The predominant explanation is traceable back to Greenwood's (1980) ideas of how successful philopatric or dispersing individuals are at gaining mates or resources required to attract them. Theory, however, has developed surprisingly independently of these ideas: predominant ideas in theoretical work track how immigration and emigration change relatedness patterns and alleviate competition for limiting resources, typically considered sexually distinct, with breeding sites and fertilisable females limiting reproductive success for females and males, respectively. We show that the link between mating system and sex-biased dispersal is far from resolved: there are studies showing that mating systems matter, but the oft-stated association between polygyny and male-biased dispersal is not a straightforward theoretical expectation... (full abstract in the PDF)
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