重建生态学：两性动力学与成本最小化
Restoration Ecology: Two-Sex Dynamics and Cost Minimization
摘要：
我们模拟了一个空间上详细的，两性种群动力学，研究生态恢复的成本。我们假设成本与引入大型栖息地的个体数量成正比。我们把扩散看作均匀扩散。当地的种群动力学取决于出生时的性别比例，并允许死亡率在两性之间存在差异。此外，局部密度依赖诱导了强烈的Allee效应，这意味着初始种群必须足够大，以避免快速灭绝。我们解决三个不同的初始空间分布的引入个人，对于每一个，我们最大限度地减少相关的成本，限制的要求，物种必须恢复整个栖息地。首先，我们考虑空间不均匀，不稳定的模型方程的稳定解作为小恢复成本的合理候选人。其次，我们使用数值模拟，以找到最小的集群大小，封闭一个空间均匀的人口密度，保证恢复的成本最小化。最后，采用模拟退火，我们最小化恢复成本之间的所有可能的初始空间分布的女性和男性。对于有偏见的性别比，或一个显着的性别之间的死亡率差异，我们发现，性别特异性的空间分布最小化的成本。但是，只要性别比在给定的死亡率下使局部均衡密度最大化，一个跨越临界距离的两性共同均匀分布就会产生类似的低成本。
英文摘要：
We model a spatially detailed, two-sex population dynamics, to study the cost of ecological restoration. We assume that cost is proportional to the number of individuals introduced into a large habitat. We treat dispersal as homogeneous diffusion. The local population dynamics depends on sex ratio at birth, and allows mortality rates to differ between sexes. Furthermore, local density dependence induces a strong Allee effect, implying that the initial population must be sufficiently large to avert rapid extinction. We address three different initial spatial distributions for the introduced individuals; for each we minimize the associated cost, constrained by the requirement that the species must be restored throughout the habitat. First, we consider spatially inhomogeneous, unstable stationary solutions of the model's equations as plausible candidates for small restoration cost. Second, we use numerical simulations to find the smallest cluster size, enclosing a spatially homogeneous population density, that minimizes the cost of assured restoration. Finally, by employing simulated annealing, we minimize restoration cost among all possible initial spatial distributions of females and males. For biased sex ratios, or for a significant between-sex difference in mortality, we find that sex-specific spatial distributions minimize the cost. But as long as the sex ratio maximizes the local equilibrium density for given mortality rates, a common homogeneous distribution for both sexes that spans a critical distance yields a similarly low cost.
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