为什么Y染色体更短，女性更长寿？
Why Y chromosome is shorter and women live longer?
摘要：
我们使用Penna老化模型来分析性染色体进化的差异如何取决于生殖策略。在全交配群体中，当雌性（XX）可以从整个群体中自由选择雄性伴侣（XY）进行繁殖时，Y染色体积累缺陷，最终它带来的唯一信息是雄性性别决定。由于Y染色体缩小，男性在X染色体含量方面成为半合子，其特征是死亡率较高，在人类中也观察到了这一点。如果在模型中假设至少在他的女性伴侣怀孕期间男性的存在是必不可少的，并且至少在一个生殖周期期间他不能被另一个女性诱惑-Y染色体保留其内容，不收缩，女性和男性的寿命是相同的。因此，Y染色体的缩小并不是因为它存在于一个拷贝中，没有重组的可能性，而是因为它处于较弱的选择压力之下;在不需要忠诚的全交配种群中，相当一部分雄性被淘汰，它们可以从种群中被淘汰，而不会降低种群的繁殖潜力。
英文摘要：
We have used the Penna ageing model to analyze how the differences in evolution of sex chromosomes depend on the strategy of reproduction. In panmictic populations, when females (XX) can freely choose the male partner (XY) for reproduction from the whole population, the Y chromosome accumulates defects and eventually the only information it brings is a male sex determination. As a result of shrinking Y chromosome the males become hemizygous in respect to the X chromosome content and are characterized by higher mortality, observed also in the human populations. If it is assumed in the model that the presence of the male is indispensable at least during the pregnancy of his female partner and he cannot be seduced by another female at least during the one reproduction cycle - the Y chromosome preserves its content, does not shrink and the lifespan of females and males is the same. Thus, Y chromosome shrinks not because of existing in one copy, without the possibility of recombination, but because it stays under weaker selection pressure; in panmictic populations without the necessity of being faithful, a considerable fraction of males is dispensable and they can be eliminated from the population without reducing its reproduction potential.
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