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arXiv 1202.2403quant-phcond-mat.stat-mech
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孤立系热力学熵的微观起源

The microscopic origin of thermodynamic entropy in isolated systems

J. M. Deutsch, Haibin Li, Auditya Sharma

摘要:

自量子力学诞生以来,对量子系统热力学熵的微观理解一直是个谜。在经典物理学中,这个熵被认为是一个孤立系可接近的相空间体积的对数[1]。没有量子力学的类比。相反,冯·诺依曼的熵假设[2]被最广泛地使用。然而,对于具有已知波函数的系统,这给出了零,即纯态。这是因为它测量的是系统信息的缺乏,而不是从热力学实验中获得的热流。许多论点试图回避这些问题,考虑耦合到一个大的外部感兴趣的系统,不像经典的情况下,玻尔兹曼的方法对孤立系是更令人满意的。有了新的实验技术,探测热化的量子性质现在是可能的[3,4]。在这里,利用我们对量子热化的理解的最新进展[5-10],我们展示了如何获得从热力学实验测量的熵,仅仅从波函数的自纠缠,并找到强有力的数值证据表明,这两者对于非可积系统是一致的。令人惊讶的是,这种熵与热的概念密切相关,通常被认为是微观混沌运动,可以确定系统的能量本征态,这些本征态在时间上是静止的,因此不是混沌的,而是具有非常复杂的空间依赖性。

英文摘要:

A microscopic understanding of the thermodynamic entropy in quantum systems has been a mystery ever since the invention of quantum mechanics. In classical physics, this entropy is believed to be the logarithm of the volume of phase space accessible to an isolated system [1]. There is no quantum mechanical analog to this. Instead, Von Neumann's hypothesis for the entropy [2] is most widely used. However this gives zero for systems with a known wave function, that is a pure state. This is because it measures the lack of information about the system rather than the flow of heat as obtained from thermodynamic experiments. Many arguments attempt to sidestep these issues by considering the system of interest coupled to a large external one, unlike the classical case where Boltzmann's approach for isolated systems is far more satisfactory. With new experimental techniques, probing the quantum nature of thermalization is now possible [3, 4]. Here, using recent advances in our understanding of quantum thermalization [5-10] we show how to obtain the entropy as is measured from thermodynamic experiments, solely from the self-entanglement of the wavefunction, and find strong numerical evidence that the two are in agreement for non-integrable systems. It is striking that this entropy, which is closely related to the concept of heat, and generally thought of as microscopic chaotic motion, can be determined for systems in energy eigenstates which are stationary in time and therefore not chaotic, but instead have a very complex spatial dependence.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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