AI 中文总结
研究马尔可夫量子热力学中三种范式的关系，通过证明满足特定条件的热林德布拉德算符在三种范式下的等价性统一现有方法，还给出微观协议模拟热马尔可夫过程并通过实例说明适用性，为其建立统一基础。
AI 中文摘要
热力学对量子系统的演化施加了基本限制。这些限制及其动力学后果已在不同范式中得以阐述，包括基于量子主方程的公理方法、开放系统动力学的微观描述以及源于资源理论的操作表述。虽然每种观点都对热力学一致的量子动力学产生了重要见解，但其确切关系仍未解决。在此，我们在马尔可夫 regime 中建立了这三种范式的精确等价性。我们证明，满足马尔可夫性、时间平移对称性和量子细致平衡的热林德布拉德算符恰好是那些可作为能量守恒热碰撞模型进行微观实现的算符，并且等效地，是那些生成马尔可夫热操作的算符。这统一了现有的马尔可夫量子热力学方法，并确定了其动力学基础。我们进一步提供了一个明确的微观协议，用于模拟具有可控有限时间模拟误差的热马尔可夫过程。我们通过提供在玻色环境中热化的量子比特和三级自主热机的忠实热碰撞模型实现，来说明其适用性。在后者的情况下，该协议产生了一个有限冲程热机，它不仅再现了连续时间动力学，还再现了其稳态热力学性能。总体而言，这些结果为马尔可夫量子热力学建立了统一基础，表明其公理、微观和操作表述完全等价，并提供了一个用于实现热过程和机器的通用协议。
英文摘要
Thermodynamics imposes fundamental constraints on the evolution of quantum systems. These constraints and their dynamical consequences have been formulated within distinct paradigms, including axiomatic approaches based on quantum master equations, microscopic descriptions of open-system dynamics, and operational formulations rooted in resource theories. While each perspective has yielded important insights into thermodynamically consistent quantum dynamics, their precise relationship has remained unresolved. Here we establish the exact equivalence of these three paradigms in the Markovian regime. We prove that thermal Lindbladians satisfying Markovianity, time-translation symmetry, and quantum detailed balance are precisely those admitting a microscopic realisation as an energy-conserving thermal collision model and, equivalently, those generating Markovian thermal operations. This unifies the existing approaches to Markovian quantum thermodynamics and identifies its dynamical underpinnings. We further provide an explicit microscopic protocol for simulating thermal Markovian processes with controlled finite-time simulation errors. We illustrate its applicability by providing faithful thermal collision-model implementations of a qubit thermalising in a bosonic environment and of a three-level autonomous thermal machine. In the latter case, the protocol gives rise to a finite-stroke thermal engine that not only reproduces the continuous-time dynamics but also its steady-state thermodynamic performance. As a whole, these results establish a unified foundation for Markovian quantum thermodynamics, showing that its axiomatic, microscopic, and operational formulations are exactly equivalent and providing a universal protocol for implementing thermal processes and machines.
Comments23+27 pages, 6 figures. Comments are welcome!
