The paper intends to offer a general overview on what the concept of integrability means for a nonlinear dynamical system and how the symmetry method can be applied for approaching it. After a general part where key problems as direct and indirect symmetry method or optimal system of solutions are tackled out, in the second part of the lecture two concrete models of nonlinear dynamical systems are effectively studied in order to illustrate how the procedure is working out. The two models are the 2D Ricci flow model coming from the general relativity and the 2D convective-diffusion equation . Part of the results, especially concerning the optimal systems of solutions, are new ones. Keywords: Lie symmetries, invariants, similarity reduction.
We consider a class of systems of difference equations defined on an elementary quadrilateral of the ${\mathbb{Z}}^2$ lattice, define their eliminable and dynamical variables, and demonstrate their use. Using the existence of infinite hierarchies of symmetries as integrability criterion, we derive necessary integrability conditions and employ them in the construction of the lowest order symmetries of a given system. These considerations are demonstrated with the help of three systems from the class of systems under consideration.
This is a survey on finite-dimensional integrable dynamical systems related to Hamiltonian $G$-actions. Within a framework of noncommutative integrability we study integrability of $G$-invariant systems, collective motions and reduced integrability. We also consider reductions of the Hamiltonian flows restricted to their invariant submanifolds generalizing classical Hess--Appel'rot case of a heavy rigid body motion.
We consider Noether symmetries within Hamiltonian setting as transformations that preserve Poincaré-Cartan form, i.e., as symmetries of characteristic line bundles of nondegenerate 1-forms. In the case when the Poincaré-Cartan form is contact, the explicit expression for the symmetries in the inverse Noether theorem is given. As examples, we consider natural mechanical systems, in particular the Kepler problem. Finally, we prove a variant of the theorem on complete (non-commutative) integrability in terms of Noether symmetries of time-dependent Hamiltonian systems.
We consider the Burgers-type system studied by Foursov, w_t &=& w_{xx} + 8 w w_x + (2-4α)z z_x, z_t &=& (1-2α)z_{xx} - 4αz w_x + (4-8α)w z_x - (4+8α)w^2 z + (-2+4α)z^3, (*) for which no recursion operator or master symmetry was known so far, and prove that the system (*) admits infinitely many local generalized symmetries that are constructed using a nonlocal {\em two-term} recursion relation rather than from a recursion operator.
Families of three-body Hamiltonian systems in one dimension have been recently proved to be maximally superintegrable by interpreting them as one-body systems in the three-dimensional Euclidean space, examples are the Calogero, Wolfes and Tramblay Turbiner Winternitz systems. For some of these systems, we show in a new way how the superintegrability is associated with their dihedral symmetry in the three-dimensional space, the order of the dihedral symmetries being associated with the degree of the polynomial in the momenta first integrals. As a generalization, we introduce the analysis of int…
The different natures of approximate symmetries and their corresponding first integrals/invariants are delineated in the contexts of both Lie symmetries of ordinary differential equations and Noether symmetries of the Action Integral. Particular note is taken of the effect of taking higher orders of the perturbation parameter. Approximate symmetries of approximate first integrals/invariants and the problems of calculating them using the Lie method are considered.
Symmetry properties are at the basis of integrability. In recent years, it appeared that so called "twisted symmetries" are as effective as standard symmetries in many respects (integrating ODEs, finding special solutions to PDEs). Here we discuss how twisted symmetries can be used to detect integrability of Lagrangian systems which are not integrable via standard symmetries.
Zero curvature formulations, pseudo-potentials, modified versions, ``Miura transformations'', and nonlocal symmetries of the Korteweg--de Vries, Camassa-- Holm and Hunter--Saxton equations are investigated from an unified point of view: these three equations belong to a two--parameters family of equations ``describing pseudo-spherical surfaces'', and therefore their basic integrability properties can be studied by geometrical means.
We apply the discrete multiscale expansion to the Lax pair and to the first few symmetries of the lattice potential Korteweg-de Vries equation. From these calculations we show that, like the lowest order secularity conditions give a nonlinear Schroedinger equation, the Lax pair gives at the same order the Zakharov and Shabat spectral problem and the symmetries the hierarchy of point and generalized symmetries of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation.
In this paper we study Lie symmetries, Kac-Moody-Virasoro algebras, similarity reductions and particular solutions of two different recently introduced (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations, namely (i) (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equation and (ii) (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger type equation introduced by Zakharov and studied later by Strachan. Interestingly our studies show that not all integrable higher dimensional systems admit Kac-Moody-Virasoro type sub-algebras. Particularly the two integrable systems mentioned above do not admit Virasoro type subalgebras, event…
Nonlinear reaction-diffusion systems are known to exhibit very many novel spatiotemporal patterns. Fisher equation is a prototype of diffusive equations. In this contribution we investigate the integrability properties of the generalized Fisher type equation to obtain physically interesting solutions using Lie symmetry analysis. In particular, we report several travelling wave patterns, static patterns and localized structures depending upon the choice of the parameters involved.
In this letter, the integrability aspects of a generalized Fisher type equation with modified diffusion in (1+1) and (2+1) dimensions are studied by carrying out a singularity structure and symmetry analysis. It is shown that the Painlevé property exists only for a special choice of the parameter ($m=2$). A Bäcklund transformation is shown to give rise to the linearizing transformation to the linear heat equation for this case ($m=2$). A Lie symmetry analysis also picks out the same case ($m=2$) as the only system among this class as having nontrivial infinite dimensional Lie algebra of symmet…
In this paper, we investigate a relation between the Givental group of rank one and the Heisenberg-Virasoro symmetry group of the KP hierarchy. We prove, that only a two-parameter family of the Givental operators can be identified with elements of the Heisenberg-Virasoro symmetry group. This family describes triple Hodge integrals satisfying the Calabi-Yau condition. Using the identification of the elements of two groups we prove that the generating function of triple Hodge integrals satisfying the Calabi-Yau condition and its $Θ$-version are tau-functions of the KP hierarchy. This generalizes…
In this paper we try to find examples of integrable natural Hamiltonian systems on the sphere $S^2$ with the symmetries of each Platonic polyhedra. Although some of these systems are known, their expression is extremely complicated; we try here to find the simplest possible expressions for this kind of dynamical systems. Even in the simplest cases it is not easy to prove their integrability by direct computation of the first integrals, therefore, we make use of numerical methods to provide evidences of integrability; namely, by analyzing their Poincaré sections (surface sections). In this way …
We review the integrable systems which arise as symmetry reductions of Plebanski's heavenly equations, and their generalisations. We also show that all four-dimensional null Kahler-Einstein (or type N hyper-heavenly) metrics with symmetry can be found from solutions to a variable coefficient generalisation of the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation.
We discuss the interrelations between symmetry of an Ito stochastic differential equations (or systems thereof) and its integrability, extending in party results by R. Kozlov [J. Phys. A ${\bf 43}$ (2010) \& ${\bf 44}$ (2011)]. Together with integrability, we also consider the relations between symmetries and reducibility of a system of SDEs to a lower dimensional one. We consider both "deterministic" symmetries and "random" ones, in the sense introduced recently by Gaeta and Spadaro [J.Math. Phys. ${\bf 58}$ (2017)].
The study of higher-dimensional black holes is a subject which has recently attracted a vast interest. Perhaps one of the most surprising discoveries is a realization that the properties of higher-dimensional black holes with the spherical horizon topology and described by the Kerr-NUT-(A)dS metrics are very similar to the properties of the well known four-dimensional Kerr metric. This remarkable result stems from the existence of a single object called the principal tensor. In our review we discuss explicit and hidden symmetries of higher-dimensional black holes. We start with the overview of…
For a family of Horndeski theories, formulated in terms of a generalized Galileon model, we study the integrability of the field equations in a Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker spacetime. We are interested in point transformations which leave invariant the field equations. Noether's theorem is applied to determine the conservation laws for a family of models that belong to the same general class. The cosmological scenarios with or without an extra perfect fluid with constant equation of state parameter are the two important cases of our study. \ The De Sitter universe and ideal gas soluti…
This article is devoted to the partial difference quad-graph equations that can be represented in the form $φ(u(i+1,j),u(i+1,j+1))=ψ(u(i,j),u(i,j+1))$, where the map $(w,z) \rightarrow (φ(w,z),ψ(w,z))$ is injective. The transformation $v(i,j)=φ(u(i,j),u(i,j+1))$ relates any of such equations to a quad-graph equation. It is proved that this transformation maps Darboux integrable equations of the above form into Darboux integrable equations again and decreases the orders of the transformed integrals by one in the $j$-direction. As an application of this fact, the Darboux integrable equations pos…
We show that SU(2)_L Yangian and q-deformed SU(2)_R symmetries are realized in a two-dimensional sigma model defined on a three-dimensional squashed sphere. These symmetries enable us to develop the two descriptions to describe its classical dynamics, 1) rational and 2) trigonometric descriptions. The former 1) is based on the SU(2)_L symmetry and the latter 2) comes from the broken SU(2)_R symmetry. Each of the Lax pairs constructed in both ways leads to the same equations of motion. The two descriptions are related one another through a non-local map.
The coupled KdV-mKdV system arises as the classical part of one of superextensions of the KdV equation. For this system, we prove its complete integrability, i.e., existence of a recursion operator and of infinite series of symmetries.
We investigate the conformal geometry of spherically symmetric spacetimes in general without specifying the form of the matter distribution. The general conformal Killing symmetry is obtained subject to a number of integrability conditions. Previous results relating to static spacetimes are shown to be a special case of our solution. The general inheriting conformal symmetry vector, which maps fluid flow lines conformally onto fluid flow lines, is generated and the integrability conditions are shown to be satisfied. We show that there exists a hypersurface orthogonal conformal Killing vector i…
The exact spectrum of the Rabi hamiltonian is analytically found for arbitrary coupling strength and detuning. I present a criterion for integrability of quantum systems containing discrete degrees of freedom which shows that in this case a finite symmetry group may entail integrability, even without the presence of conserved charges beyond the hamiltonian itself. Moreover, I introduce and solve a natural generalization of the Rabi model which has no symmetries and is therefore probably the smallest non-integrable physical system.
Quadratic systems generated using Yang-Baxter equations are integrable in a sense, but we display a deterioration in the possession of the Painlevé property as the number of equations in each `integrable system' increases. Certain intermediate systems are constructed and also tested for the Painlevé property. The Lie symmetries are also computed for completeness.
We apply the Painleve test for integrability of partial differential equations to a system of two coupled Burgers-type equations found by Foursov, which was recently shown by Sergyeyev to possess infinitely many commuting local generalized symmetries without any recursion operator. The Painleve analysis easily detects that this is a typical C-integrable system in the Calogero sense and rediscovers its linearizing transformation.
This is a pedagogical review on the integrability-based approach to the three-point function in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We first discuss the computation of the structure constant at weak coupling and show that the result can be recast as a sum over partitions of the rapidities of the magnons. We then introduce a non-perturbative framework, called the "hexagon approach", and explain how one can use the symmetries (i.e. superconformal and gauge symmetries) and integrability to determine the structure constants. This article is based on the lectures given in Les Houches Summer Schoo…
We analyse the complex-valued Klein-Gordon Equation from an integrability perspective by the implementation of the Lie Theory of Continuous Groups, where this equation is governed by power-law nonlinearity. We write the equations in terms of real dependent variables and examine both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional models. In the case of the two-dimensional model the analysis is extended by the determination of Noether point symmetries and conserved vectors via the construction of a Lagrangian.
In this paper we study the integrability of a class of nonlinear non autonomous quad graph equations compatible around the cube introduced by Boll. We show that all these equations possess three point generalized symmetries which are subcases of either the Yamilov discretization of the Krichever--Novikov equation or of its non autonomous extension. We also prove that all those symmetries are integrable as pass the algebraic entropy test.
A notion of a particular integrability is introduced when two operators commute on a subspace of the space where they act. Particular integrals for one-dimensional (quasi)-exactly-solvable Schroedinger operators and Calogero-Sutherland Hamiltonians for all roots are found. In the classical case some special trajectories for which the corresponding particular constants of motion appear are indicated.
We show that the concept of complete symmetry group introduced by Krause (J. Math. Phys.35 (1994) 5734-5748) in the context of the Newtonian Kepler problem has wider applicability, extending to the relativistic context of the Einstein equations describing spherically symmetric bodies with certain conformal Killing symmetries. We also provide a simple demonstration of the nonuniqueness of the complete symmetry group.
Two essential methods, the symmetry analysis and of the singularity analysis, for the study of the integrability of nonlinear ordinary differential equations are discussed. The main similarities and differences of these two different methods are given.
The first part of this paper explains what super-integrability is and how it differs in the classical and quantum cases. This is illustrated with an elementary example of the resonant harmonic oscillator. For Hamiltonians in "natural form", the kinetic energy has geometric origins and, in the flat and constant curvature cases, the large isometry group plays a vital role. We explain how to use the corresponding first integrals to build separable and super-integrable systems. We also show how to use the automorphisms of the symmetry algebra to help build the Poisson relations of the correspondin…
We perform a detailed study on the integrability of the Benney-Lin and KdV-Kawahara equations by using the Lie symmetry analysis and the singularity analysis. We find that the equations under our consideration admit integrable travelling-wave solutions. The singularity analysis is applied for the partial differential equations and the generic algebraic solution is presented.
Symmetry and integrability in the anyon-Hubbard model
Universität Hamburg（汉堡大学）；American University（美国大学）；University of Hamburg（汉堡大学）；The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg（汉堡大学超快成像中心）
The non-commutative integrability (NCI) is a property fulfilled by some Hamiltonian systems that ensures, among other things, the exact solvability of their corresponding equations of motion. The latter means that an "explicit formula" for the trajectories of these systems can be constructed. Such a construction rests mainly on the so-called Lie theorem on integrability by quadratures. It is worth mentioning that, in the context of Hamiltonian systems, the NCI has been for around 40 years, essentially, the unique criterium for exact solvability expressed in the terms of first integrals (contai…
We review applications of theory of classical and quantum integrable systems to the free-boundary problems of fluid mechanics as well as to corresponding problems of statistical mechanics. We also review important exact results obtained in the theory of multi-fractal spectra of the stochastic models related to the Laplacian growth: Schramm-Loewner and Levy-Loewner evolutions.
A class of exact solutions is obtained for the Liénard type ordinary non-linear differential equation. As a first step in our study the second order Liénard type equation is transformed into a second kind Abel type first order differential equation. With the use of an exact integrability condition for the Abel equation (the Chiellini lemma), the exact general solution of the Abel equation can be obtained, thus leading to a class of exact solutions of the Liénard equation, expressed in a parametric form. We also extend the Chiellini integrability condition to the case of the general Abel equati…
The symmetry structure of twodimensional nonlinear isotropic oscillator, introduced in Physica D237 (2008) 505, is discussed. It is shown that it possesses three independent integrals of motion which can be chosen in such a way that they span SU(2), E(2) or SU(1,1) algebras, depending on the value of total energy. They generate the infinitesimal canonical symmetry transformations; integrability of the latter is analyzed. The results are then generalized to the case of arbitrary number of degrees of freedom.
Analysis of the geodesics in the space of signature $(1,3)$ that splits in two-dimensional distributions resulting from the Weyl tensor eignespaces - hyperbolic and elliptic ones - described in [V. Lychagin, V. Yumaguzhin, \emph{Differential invariants and exact solutions of the Einstein equations}, Anal.Math.Phys. 1664-235X 1-9 (2016)] are presented. Cases when geodesic equations are integrable are identified. Similar analysis is performed for the same model coupled to Electromagnetism described in [V. Lychagin, V. Yumaguzhi, \emph{Differential invariants and exact solutions of the Einstein-M…
This contributed conference proceeding reviews some results about a system of a few identical particles with spin trapped in one-dimensional potentials and experiencing two-body interactions. The focus is on how symmetry, integrability, and solvability depend on the trap shape, two-body interaction, the number of particles, and the number of spin components. A series of comments are presented that characterize the minimal symmetries possible for a composite system constructed from interacting single particles, with special focus on the contact interaction. For five and more particles with inte…
At the classical level anyons with harmonic confinement are known to exhibit two important properties namely partial separability and pseudo-integrability. These stem from the fact that this system is locally identical to isotropic oscillator system but differs in the global topology of the phase space. We clarify the meaning of pseudo-integrability and show that it amounts to a definite reduction of the symmetry group. We elaborate on the role of the fundamental group of the phase space and pseudo-intrgrability in the context of periodic orbit theory and obtain evidence of non-exactly known e…
Poisson brackets admit infinitesimal symmetries which are encoded using oriented graphs; this construction is due to Kontsevich (1996). We formulate several open problems about combinatorial and topological properties of the graphs involved, about integrability and analytic properties of such symmetry flows (in particular, for known classes of Poisson brackets), and about cohomological, differential geometric, and quantum aspects of the theory. Keywords: Poisson bracket, Jacobi identity, infinitesimal symmetry, affine manifold, Poisson cohomology, graph complex.
Algorithms for the symbolic computation of polynomial conservation laws, generalized symmetries, and recursion operators for systems of nonlinear differential-difference equations (DDEs) are presented. The algorithms can be used to test the complete integrability of nonlinear DDEs. The ubiquitous Toda lattice illustrates the steps of the algorithms, which have been implemented in {\em Mathematica}. The codes {\sc InvariantsSymmetries.m} and {\sc DDERecursionOperator.m} can aid researchers interested in properties of nonlinear DDEs.
