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arXiv 1106.0540astro-ph.GA
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关于CO2和其他星际冰的形成

On the Formation of CO2 and Other Interstellar Ices

Robin T. Garrod, Tyler Pauly

摘要:

我们调查的星际尘埃颗粒冰的形成和演变的暗云条件下,特别强调CO2。我们使用一个三相模型(气体/表面/地幔)来模拟耦合的气体-颗粒化学,允许区分的化学活性表面保存在地幔下面的冰层。该模型包括障碍介导的表面反应和热跳跃过程之间的竞争的治疗。计算结果与观测到的星际介质中CO2、CO和水冰的行为非常吻合。OH自由基与CO的反应被认为是足够有效的占CO2冰生产在乌云。在低视反射率,尘埃温度~12 K,CO2是由CO与OH的直接扩散和反应形成的,我们将由此产生的富含CO2的冰与观测到的极地CO2签名。CH4冰与该组分具有良好的相关性。在更高的反射率下,尘埃温度较低,CO相对稳定,因此含量丰富;然而,CO分子顶部的H和O的反应允许OH和CO迅速相遇,以产生范围为2 - 4的CO:CO2比,我们将其与非极性特征联系起来。我们建议,观测非极性的CO2/CO冰签名在乌云的结果从一个强烈隔离的CO:H2O冰,其中CO2居住几乎完全在CO成分。观测到的CO2,CO和H2O的视觉消光阈值,以及再现深度依赖模型。甲醇的形成被发现是非常敏感的动态时间尺度和尘埃温度。

英文摘要:

We investigate the formation and evolution of interstellar dust-grain ices under dark-cloud conditions, with a particular emphasis on CO2. We use a three-phase model (gas/surface/mantle) to simulate the coupled gas--grain chemistry, allowing the distinction of the chemically-active surface from the ice layers preserved in the mantle beneath. The model includes a treatment of the competition between barrier-mediated surface reactions and thermal-hopping processes. The results show excellent agreement with the observed behavior of CO2, CO and water ice in the interstellar medium. The reaction of the OH radical with CO is found to be efficient enough to account for CO2 ice production in dark clouds. At low visual extinctions, with dust temperatures ~12 K, CO2 is formed by direct diffusion and reaction of CO with OH; we associate the resultant CO2-rich ice with the observational polar CO2 signature. CH4 ice is well correlated with this component. At higher extinctions, with lower dust temperatures, CO is relatively immobile and thus abundant; however, the reaction of H and O atop a CO molecule allows OH and CO to meet rapidly enough to produce a CO:CO2 ratio in the range ~2--4, which we associate with apolar signatures. We suggest that the observational apolar CO2/CO ice signatures in dark clouds result from a strongly segregated CO:H2O ice, in which CO2 resides almost exclusively within the CO component. Observed visual-extinction thresholds for CO2, CO and H2O are well reproduced by depth-dependent models. Methanol formation is found to be strongly sensitive to dynamical timescales and dust temperatures.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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