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arXiv 1102.2438astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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恒星运动学和方形凸起的星族:柱旋转和垂直梯度

The stellar kinematics and populations of boxy bulges: cylindrical rotation and vertical gradients

Michael J. Williams, Michel Zamojski, Martin Bureau, Harald Kuntschner, Michael R. Merrifield, P. Tim de Zeeuw, Konrad Kuijken

摘要:

在大约一半的边缘盘星系中可以看到长方形和花生形的凸起。这些凸起的测光和长轴气体和恒星运动学的酒吧的形成和演化的模拟比较表明,他们被视为酒吧的投影。如果方形凸起的性质可以完全通过假设它们是棒来解释,那么这可能意味着它们的宿主是没有经典凸起的纯盘星系。少数这些凸起,包括银河系的凸起,已经被观察到以圆柱形旋转,即平均恒星速度与盘上方的高度无关。为了评估这种行为是否是普遍存在的四四方方的凸起,以及是否一个纯粹的光盘解释是一致的恒星星族,我们分析了恒星的运动学和人口的四四方方的或花生形的凸起在一个样本的五个边缘星系。我们沿着每个星系的主轴放置了狭缝,并在三个平行但偏移的位置建立了空间覆盖范围。NGC 3390的方形凸起在数据的空间范围和不确定性内完美地旋转。这与凸起的金属丰度和α元素增强一致,这与盘中相同。因此,这个星系是一个纯粹的盘状星系。ESO 311-G 012的方形凸起也非常接近圆柱形地旋转。NGC 1381的四方形凸起既不是明显的圆柱形旋转,也不是非圆柱形旋转,但它具有负的垂直金属丰度梯度,并且相对于其盘体呈阿尔法增强,表明它是由经典凸起和棒组成的复合凸起(可能还有一个圆盘状的假隆起)[摘要]即使这个相对较小的样本也足以证明方形隆起显示出一系列的旋转和种群特性,这表明它们并不形成同类的对象。

英文摘要:

Boxy and peanut-shaped bulges are seen in about half of edge-on disc galaxies. Comparisons of the photometry and major-axis gas and stellar kinematics of these bulges to simulations of bar formation and evolution indicate that they are bars viewed in projection. If the properties of boxy bulges can be entirely explained by assuming they are bars, then this may imply that their hosts are pure disc galaxies with no classical bulge. A handful of these bulges, including that of the Milky Way, have been observed to rotate cylindrically, i.e. with a mean stellar velocity independent of height above the disc. In order to assess whether such behaviour is ubiquitous in boxy bulges, and whether a pure disc interpretation is consistent with their stellar populations, we have analysed the stellar kinematics and populations of the boxy or peanut-shaped bulges in a sample of five edge-on galaxies. We placed slits along the major axis of each galaxy and at three offset but parallel positions to build up spatial coverage. The boxy bulge of NGC3390 rotates perfectly cylindrically within the spatial extent and uncertainties of the data. This is consistent with the metallicity and alpha-element enhancement of the bulge, which are the same as in the disk. This galaxy is thus a pure disc galaxy. The boxy bulge of ESO311-G012 also rotates very close to cylindrically. The boxy bulge of NGC1381 is neither clearly cylindrically nor non-cylindrically rotating, but it has a negative vertical metallicity gradient and is alpha-enhanced with respect to its disc, suggesting a composite bulge comprised of a classical bulge and bar (and possibly a discy pseudobulge) [abridged] Even this relatively small sample is sufficient to demonstrate that boxy bulges display a range of rotational and population properties, indicating that they do not form a homogeneous class of object.

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