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arXiv 1004.5574physics.ins-det
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CMS跟踪器光链路的性能和未来使用带宽有效数字调制的升级

Performance of the CMS Tracker Optical Links and Future Upgrade Using Bandwidth Efficient Digital Modulation

Stefanos Dris

摘要:

(节略版)在LHC的CMS实验将于2007年开始运作。CMS Tracker子探测器包括约1000万个探测器通道,通过约40000个模拟光学链路读取。光电元件的设计满足了HEP实验在抗辐射性、低质量和低功率方面的严格要求。在测试系统中对组件和完整的光链路进行了广泛的测试。详细介绍了它们在增益、噪声、线性度、带宽和抗辐射性方面的功能和性能。特别强调的是放在增益上,它直接影响检测器数据的动态范围。已经可以准确地预测将在整个系统中观察到的增益变化。根据生产测试数据进行的模拟显示,在跟踪器工作温度为-10 ° C时,平均增益比设计目标高约38%。已采取纠正措施,通过将光接收器的负载电阻值从100Ω降低到62Ω,降低增益并恢复丢失的动态范围。所有链路的增益将在0.64和0.96V/V之间。CMS的未来迭代将在升级后的LHC中运行,需要更快的数据读出。为了保持对当前读出系统的大量投资,考虑了涉及重复使用现有光电元件的升级路径。研究了正交幅度调制(QAM)在高功率放大器读出系统中的适用性。提出了计算数据速率的方法,以及在跟踪器光链路上传输QAM信号的实验室测试。结果表明,如果能够实现这样的设计,3-4Gbit/s将是可能的(超过10倍的等效数据速率的当前模拟链路,320 Mbit/s)。

英文摘要:

(Abridged version) The CMS experiment at the LHC will begin operation in 2007. The CMS Tracker sub-detector, comprises ~10 million detector channels read out by ~40 000 analog optical links. The optoelectronic components have been designed to meet the stringent requirements of a HEP experiment in terms of radiation hardness, low mass and low power. Extensive testing has been performed on the components and on complete optical links in test systems. Their functionality and performance in terms of gain, noise, linearity, bandwidth and radiation hardness is detailed. Particular emphasis is placed on the gain, which directly affects the dynamic range of the detector data. It has been possible to accurately predict the variation in gain that will be observed throughout the system. A simulation based on production test data showed that the average gain would be ~38% higher than the design target at the Tracker operating temperature of -10°C. Corrective action was taken to reduce the gains and recover the lost dynamic range by lowering the optical receiver's load resistor value from 100Ω to 62Ω. All links will have gains between 0.64 and 0.96V/V. The future iteration of CMS will be operated in an upgraded LHC requiring faster data readout. In order to preserve the large investments made for the current readout system, an upgrade path that involves reusing the existing optoelectronic components is considered. The applicability of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in a HEP readout system is examined. The method for calculating the data rate is presented, along with laboratory tests where QAM signals were transmitted over a Tracker optical link. The results show that 3-4Gbit/s would be possible if such a design can be implemented (over 10 times the equivalent data rate of the current analog links, 320Mbits/s).

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