E. Molnár, H. Niemi, D. H. Rischke
We present numerical methods to solve the Israel-Stewart (IS) equations of causal relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics with bulk and shear viscosities. We then test these methods studying the Riemann problem in (1+1)-- and (2+1)-dimensional geometry. The numerical schemes investigated here are applicable to realistic (3+1)--dimensional modeling of a relativistic dissipative fluid.
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Stability and Causality in relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics
讨论了Landau-Lifshitz理论和Israel-Stewart型因果耗散流体力学的稳定性和因果性。结果表明，在相对论耗散流体力学中，非因果性和不稳定性是相互关联的，非因果性导致了不稳定性。我们进一步讨论了标度解的稳定性。因果耗散流体动力学的标度解对非均匀扰动可能是不稳定的。
Theories of Relativistic Dissipative Fluid Dynamics
本文综述相对论耗散流体动力学理论，梳理其在高能核物理与天体物理中的应用，并比较迄今提出的各类因果、稳定理论。
Transport Coefficients of Non-Newtonian Fluid and Causal Dissipative Hydrodynamics
本文利用文献[T]中的投影算子方法（Mori-Zwanzig形式）导出了一个计算因果耗散流体动力学输运系数的新公式。Koide，Phys.Rev.E75，060103（R）（2007）]。这是Green-Kubo-Nakano（GKN）公式在非牛顿流体情况下的推广，它是相对论耗散流体动力学中保持相对论因果关系的必要因素。这个公式是GKN公式的推广，它在一定限度内可以重现GKN公式。在这项工作中，我们扩展了以前的工作，以便适用于更一般的情况。
Causal dissipative hydrodynamics obtained from the nonextensive/dissipative correspondence
利用我们最近提出的非广延/耗散对应（NexDC），从理想非广延流体力学（$q$-hydrodynamics）出发，导出了因果相对论耗散流体力学（$d$-hydrodynamics）的本构方程。因此，$q$流体动力学可以被看作是$d$流体动力学的一个可能的模型，促进其应用于高能多粒子生产过程。作为一个例子，我们已经表明，应用NexDC完美的1+1 $q$ -流体动力学，一个获得适当的时间演变的整体压力和雷诺数。
We analyze the linear causality and stability of third-order fluid dynamics considering perturbations around a global equilibrium state. We investigate the formulation derived from kinetic theory, using the Chapman-Enskog expansion, in PRC 88, 021903, which was shown to be in excellent agreement with solutions of the microscopic theory. From this analysis, we demonstrate that this theory is linearly acausal and unstable and that such instabilities cannot be corrected by tuning the transport coefficients. We then propose a modification of this theory, valid only in the linear regime, that can b…
We propose an effective action for first order relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics that can be used to evaluate n-point symmetrized correlation functions, taking into account thermal fluctuations of the hydrodynamic variables.
Shock propagation and stability in causal dissipative hydrodynamics
利用因果耗散流体力学研究了1+1维系统中激波的传播及其稳定性。我们表明，通常的粘度的存在下是不足以稳定的解决方案。这个问题是通过引入一个额外的粘度，这是相关的理论的粗粒化规模解决。
We briefly discuss the recent developments in causal dissipative hydrodynamic for relativistic heavy ion collisions. Phenomenological estimate of QGP viscosity over entropy ratio from several experimental data, e.g. STAR's $ϕ$ meson data, centrality dependence of elliptic flow, universal scaling elliptic flow etc. are discussed. QGP viscosity, extracted from hydrodynamical model analysis can have very large systematic uncertainty due to uncertain initial conditions.
Generic stability of dissipative non-relativistic and relativistic fluids
研究了具有质量通量的非相对论流体和以能量矢量的绝对值为内能的特殊相对论流体均相平衡的线性稳定性。它被证明，在这两种情况下，由于纯粹的热力学限制的平衡是渐近稳定的，唯一的要求是热力学稳定性和非负性的传输系数。
In this paper we show how to compute the shear relaxation time from an underlying microscopic theory. We prove that the shear relaxation time in Israel-Stewart-type theories is given by the inverse of the pole of the corresponding retarded Green's function, which is nearest to the origin in the complex energy plane. Consequently, the relaxation time in such theories is a microscopic, and not a macroscopic, i.e., fluid-dynamical time scale.
Starting with the relativistic Boltzmann equation where the collision term is generalized to include nonlocal effects via gradients of the phase-space distribution function, and using Grad's 14-moment approximation for the distribution function, we derive equations for the relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics. We compare them with the corresponding equations obtained in the standard Israel-Stewart and related approaches. Our method generates all the second-order terms that are allowed by symmetry, some of which have been missed by the traditional approaches based on the 14-moment approximat…
We investigate the causality and stability of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics in the absence of conserved charges. We perform a linear stability analysis in the rest frame of the fluid and find that the equations of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics are always stable. We then perform a linear stability analysis in a Lorentz-boosted frame. Provided that the ratio of the relaxation time for the shear stress tensor, $τ_π$, to the sound attenuation length, $Γ_s = 4η/3(\varepsilon+P)$, fulfills a certain asymptotic causality condition, the equations of motion give rise to stable solut…
Relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics for particles of arbitrary mass
本文在14矩近似下用动理学方法给出任意质量粒子的相对论二阶耗散流体力学输运系数，并证明其非相对论极限与Grad方程一致。
Stable First-order Particle-frame Relativistic Hydrodynamics for Dissipative Systems
首次在粒子框架（Eckart框架）中提出了一个稳定的一阶相对论耗散流体动力学方程。这个方程实际上是由作者和一位合作者从相对论性玻尔兹曼方程推导出来的。我们证明了平衡态相对于我们的流体动力学方程在粒子框架中描述的时间演化是稳定的。我们的方程可能是一个适当的起点，为建设二阶因果相对论流体力学，以取代Eckart的粒子流理论。
The microscopic formulae of the bulk viscosity $ζ$ and the corresponding relaxation time $τ_Π$ in causal dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics are derived by using the projection operator method. In applying these formulae to the pionic fluid, we find that the renormalizable energy-momentum tensor should be employed to obtain consistent results. In the leading order approximation in the chiral perturbation theory, the relaxation time is enhanced near the QCD phase transition and $τ_Π$ and $ζ$ are related as $τ_Π=ζ/[β\{(1/3-c_{s}^{2})(ε+P)-2(ε-3P)/9\}]$, where $ε$, $P$ and $c_{s}$ are the ene…
We show that the relativistic dissipative hydrodynamic equation derived from the relativistic Boltzmann equation by the renormalization-group method uniquely leads to the one in the energy frame proposed by Landau and Lifshitz, provided that the macroscopic-frame vector, which defines the local rest frame of the fluid velocity, is independent of the momenta of constituent particles, as it should. We argue that the relativistic hydrodynamic equations for viscous fluids must be defined on the energy frame if it is consistent with the underlying relativistic kinetic equation.
Relativistic Dissipative Hydrodynamics: A Minimal Causal Theory
我们提出了一种新的相对论耗散流体力学理论。在这里，我们寻找这样一个理论的最小结构，通过引入不可逆电流的记忆效应，满足协方差和因果关系。我们的理论有一个更简单的结构，因此有几个优点，为实际目的相比，以色列-斯图尔特理论（IS）。它可以很容易地应用于全三维流体动力学计算。我们应用我们的形式主义的Bjorken模型和结果被证明是类似的IS。
Relativistic thermodynamics is derived from kinetic equilibrium in a general frame. Based on a novel interpretation of Lagrange multipliers in the equilibrium state we obtain a generic stable but first order relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics. Although this was believed to be impossible, we circumvent this difficulty by a specific handling of the heat flow.
Transport and response coefficients in second-order dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics with quantum corrections: probing the quark-gluon plasma
本文在流体/引力对偶中引入包含量子修正的泛函测度，提出了二阶耗散相对论流体动力学中输运与响应系数的修正，并通过QGP体粘度与熵密度比的实验范围证实了该测度的存在。
Relativistic hydrodynamics - causality and stability
相对论耗散流体力学中的因果性和稳定性是重要的概念问题。我们认为因果关系不限于双曲型微分方程组。例如，考虑到理论的物理有效性，热传导方程可以是因果关系。此外，我们提出了一个新的相对论内能的概念，明确区分耗散和非耗散的影响。我们证明，这种选择，我们删除所有已知的不稳定性的线性响应近似的粘性和导热相对论流体。本文应用速度场的Eckart选择。
Causality of polarizeable dissipative fluids from Lagrangian hydrodynamics
本文通过拉格朗日流体力学分析了含自旋、剪切与体粘度及其弛豫时间的流体色散关系的因果性，发现极化与粘度弛豫尺度相互作用会降低有效粘度、延长弛豫时间并约束群速度，进而影响强相互作用物质唯象学。
We derive a linearly causal and stable third-order relativistic fluid-dynamical theory from the Boltzmann equation using the method of moments. For this purpose, we demonstrate that such theory must include novel degrees of freedom, corresponding to irreducible tensors of rank 3 and 4. The equations of motion derived in this work are compared with numerical solutions of the Boltzmann equation, considering an ultrarelativistic, classical gas in the highly symmetric Bjorken flow scenario. These solutions are shown to be in good agreement for a wide range of values of shear viscosity and initial …
Nonextensive/dissipative correspondence in relativistic hydrodynamics
我们认为，有深刻的对应关系（非广延/耗散对应- NexDC）之间的完美的非广延流体力学和通常的耗散流体力学，导致简单的表达式耗散熵流。
We have computed the circulation integrations of thermal vorticity with and without charged currents in dissipative fluids. We find that the relativistic Kelvin circulation theorem will be modified by the dissipative effects, therefore, the circulation integrations of thermal vorticity may not be conserved during the fluid evolution.
We present a new derivation of relativistic second-order dissipative hydrodynamics for quantum systems using Zubarev's non-equilibrium statistical-operator formalism. This is achieved by a systematic expansion of the energy-momentum tensor and the charge current to second order in deviations from equilibrium. As a concrete example, we obtain the relaxation equations for the shear-stress tensor, the bulk-viscous pressure, and the charge-diffusion currents required to close the set of equations of motion for relativistic second-order dissipative hydrodynamics. We also identify new transport coef…
Comparing the first and second order theories of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics using the 1+1 dimensional relativistic flux corrected transport algorithm
从数值方面和精度方面考虑，我们利用1+1维相对论耗散流体方程的Navier-Stokes和截断Israel-Stewart形式研究了一类体粘驱动膨胀的情形。守恒方程和输运方程的数值计算采用通量校正输运的数值框架。结果表明，Israel-Stewart因果流体动力学的结果在数值上比标准相对论性纳维-斯托克斯方程的结果更稳定、更光滑.
Relativistic fluid dynamics finds application in astrophysics, cosmology and the physics of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. In this thesis, we present our work on the formulation of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics within the framework of relativistic kinetic theory. We employ the second law of thermodynamics as well as the relativistic Boltzmann equation to obtain the dissipative evolution equations. We present a new derivation of the dissipative hydrodynamic equations using the second law of thermodynamics wherein all the second-order transport coefficients get determined uniquely w…
Causality Bounds on Dissipative General-Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
本文推导了在弯曲时空中具有扩散效应的 Braginskii 磁流体动力学相对论推广满足因果性和强双曲性的充要条件，发现因果性严格限制了非理想效应和动力学不稳定性，对评估超大质量黑洞附近等离子体模拟的有效范围至关重要。
Using classical description of spin degrees of freedom, we extend recent formulation of the perfect-fluid hydrodynamics for spin-polarized fluids to the case including dissipation. Our work is based on the analysis of classical kinetic equations for massive particles with spin-1/2, with the collision terms treated in the relaxation time approximation. The kinetic-theory framework determines the structure of viscous and diffusive terms and allows to explicitly calculate a complete set of new kinetic coefficients that characterize dissipative spin dynamics.
Starting from Boltzmann equation with relaxation time approximation for the collision term and using Chapman-Enskog like expansion for distribution function close to equilibrium, we derive hydrodynamic evolution equations for the dissipative quantities directly from their definition. Although the form of the equations is identical to those obtained in traditional Israel-Stewart approaches employing Grad's 14-moment approximation and second moment of Boltzmann equation, the coefficients obtained are different. In the case of one-dimensional scaling expansion, we demonstrate that our results are…
Dissipative hydrodynamics for viscous relativistic fluids
给出了描述非理想（粘性）相对论性流体在纵向和任意横向膨胀时的时空演化的显式方程。该方程是来自二阶Israel-Stewart方法，确保因果进化。讨论了方位对称的（1+1）维和非对称的（2+1）维横向展开。后者为相对论性重离子碰撞中包含耗散效应的椭圆流的流体力学计算提供了形式化的基础。
Extensivity of Irreversible Current and Stability in Causal Dissipative Hydrodynamics
我们推广了因果耗散流体动力学[T. Koide \textit{et al.}，Phys. Rev. \textbf{C75}，034909（2007）]通过考虑不可逆电流的广泛性而适用于超相对论性机制。新的方程具有抑制粘度影响的非线性项。我们发现，这样的一项是必要的，以保证正定性的惯性项和稳定的数值计算在超相对论性的初始条件。由于粘度的抑制，流体的行为更接近于理想流体的行为。我们的结果与推广的不可逆热力学的结果基本相同，但与Israel-Stewart理论不同。一个可能的起源的差异进行了讨论。
Nonextensive perfect hydrodynamics - a model of dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics?
我们证明，非广延理想相对论流体力学（$q$ -流体力学）可以作为一个模型，通常的相对论耗散流体力学（$d$ -流体力学），从而大大促进其应用。作为例子，我们展示了如何使用$q$ -流体力学得到$q$ -依赖的表达式的耗散熵流和相应的体积和剪切粘度的熵密度，$ζ/s$和$η/s$的比例。
Causal dissipative hydrodynamics for QGP fluid in 2+1 dimensions
在二阶因果耗散理论中，研究了2+1维QGP流体的时空演化。剪应力张量的松弛方程与能量动量守恒方程同时求解。在相同的平衡时间、能量密度和速度分布等条件下，对理想QGP流体和粘性QGP流体的演化进行了比较，结果表明，在粘性动力学中，流体的能量密度或温度的演化比在理想流体中慢。随着粘度的增加，冷却变得更慢。横向膨胀也在粘性动力学中增加。第一次，我们还研究了因果粘性动力学中的“夸克”椭圆流。结果表明，由于对平衡分布函数的非平衡修正，夸克椭圆流是饱和的，不能用理想流体力学来模拟。
We deal with a novel approach to formulation of the relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics by extending the so-called matching conditions widely used in the literature. The form of the non-equilibrium entropy current can be determined by requiring thermodynamical stability of the entropy current under extended matching conditions. We derive equations of motion for the relativistic dissipative fluid based on the Eckart theory and show that linearized equations obtained from them are stable against small perturbations. It is also shown that the required fluid stability conditions are related to …
We derive multicomponent relativistic second-order dissipative fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equations for a reactive mixture of $N_{\text{spec}}$ particle species with $N_q$ intrinsic quantum numbers (e.g. electric charge, baryon number, and strangeness) using the method of moments. We obtain the continuity equations for multiple conserved charges as well as the conservation equations for the total energy and momentum in the single-fluid approximation. These $4+N_q$ conservation laws are closed by deriving the second-order equations of motion for the dissipative quantities in the $(10+4N_…
Second-order dissipative hydrodynamic equations for each component of a multi-component system are derived using the entropy principle. The shear viscosity of the whole system, appearing in the equation summed-up over all components, is related to the partial shear pressures and cannot be considered as an external parameter. We demonstrate that it is essential to solve hydrodynamic equations for each component, instead of treating a mixture as an effective one-component system with a free parameter $η/s$. Thus, extractions of the $η/s$ value of the QGP at RHIC and LHC have to be reexamined.
Kinetic and hydrodynamic models describing early stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions are discussed. We emphasise the role of the shear-bulk coupling for the correct determination of the time dependence of the bulk viscous pressure.
The applicability of causal dissipative hydrodynamics to relativistic heavy ion collisions
我们利用非平衡协变输运理论来确定因果Israel-Stewart耗散流体力学（IS）和Navier-Stokes理论（NS）的相对论重离子物理应用的有效性区域。在0+1D Bjorken方案中考虑了具有2->2相互作用的无质量理想气体，适合于碰撞的早期纵向膨胀阶段。在剪切粘度与熵密度之比η/s ~ const为常数的标度不变情况下，我们发现，如果初始膨胀时间尺度超过输运平均自由程τ 0/τ d 0> ~2的一半，Israel-Stewart理论计算耗散效应的准确度为10%。与纳维尔-斯托克斯方程相同的精度需要大三倍的τ 0/τ d 0> ~6。另一方面，对于由恒定截面驱动的动力学，需要大约50%的τ 0/τ 0> ~3（IS）和~9（NS）。对于RHIC能量s_{NN} **（1/2）~ 100-200 GeV的典型应用，这些限制意味着当eta/s > ~0.15时，甚至Israel-Stewart方法也变得微不足道。此外，我们发现，“天真”近似Israel-Stewart理论，忽略产品的梯度和耗散量，有一个更小的范围内的适用性比Navier-Stokes方程。我们还获得了解析Israel-Stewart和Navier-Stokes解在0+1D，并提出了进一步的测试数值耗散流体动力学代码在1+1，2+1，和3+1D广义守恒定律的基础上。
We derive relativistic dissipative spin hydrodynamics from kinetic theory featuring a nonlocal collision term using the method of moments. In this framework, the components of the spin tensor are dynamical variables which obey relaxation-type equations. We find that the corresponding relaxation times are determined by the local part of the collision term, while the nonlocal part contributes to the Navier-Stokes terms in these equations of motion. The spin relaxation time scales are comparable to those of the usual dissipative currents. Finally, the Navier-Stokes limit of the Pauli-Lubanski vec…
Causal Theories of Dissipative Relativistic Fluid Dynamics for Nuclear Collisions
基于Grad矩方法，从相对论流体耗散过程的Müller-Israel-Stewart因果理论的扩展不可逆热力学出发，导出了非平衡态流体动力学，用于研究超相对论重离子碰撞中产生的热物质动力学。在Bjorken boost-不变标度极限的框架下研究了温度、能量密度和熵的演化。这些二阶理论的结果相比，由于Eckart和Landau和Lifshitz的一阶理论和零阶（完美流体）由于欧拉。在耗散存在时，完全流体动力学不再适用于描述物质的演化。第一阶理论在进化的早期阶段失败了。二阶理论给出了更好的描述，与传输模型非常一致。它表明，在该区域的Navier-Stokes-Fourier定律（一阶理论）是一个合理的限制情况下，更一般的扩展热力学（二阶理论）。
In this review, we present the motivation for using relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We then highlight the main ingredients of the 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model and present phenomenological comparisons with experimental data at different collision energies. These comparisons show that anisotropic hydrodynamics can describe many bulk observables of the quark-gluon plasma.
We present a new derivation of second-order relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics for quantum systems using Zubarev's formalism for the non-equilibrium statistical operator. In particular, we discuss the shear-stress tensor to second order in gradients and argue that the relaxation terms for the dissipative quantities arise from memory effects contained in the statistical operator. We also identify new transport coefficients which describe the relaxation of dissipative processes to second order and express them in terms of equilibrium correlation functions, thus establishing Kubo-type formul…
We argue that different formulations of hydrodynamics are related to uncertainties in the definitions of local thermodynamic and hydrodynamic variables. We show that this ambiguity can be resolved by viewing different formulations of hydrodynamics as particular "gauge choices" which lead to the same physical behavior of the system. Using the example of bulk viscosity, we show that Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha-Kovtun (BDNK) and Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics are particular "gauge choices" of this type, related by a well-defined transformation of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic variables. We argue that…
Relativistic second-order dissipative and anisotropic fluid dynamics in the relaxation-time approximation for an ideal gas of massive particles
本文研究了弛豫时间近似下相对论Boltzmann方程导出的二阶耗散流体动力学输运系数，并通过与动力学理论及主导阶各向异性流体动力学在(0+1)维boost-invariant流动场景下的严格比较，证明二者均能合理描述早期远离平衡的膨胀阶段。
In Denicol et al., Phys. Rev. D 85, 114047 (2012), the equations of motion of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics were derived from the relativistic Boltzmann equation. These equations contain a multitude of terms of second order in Knudsen number, in inverse Reynolds number, or their product. Terms of second order in Knudsen number give rise to non-hyperbolic (and thus acausal) behavior and must be neglected in (numerical) solutions of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics. The coefficients of the terms which are of the order of the product of Knudsen and inverse Reynolds numbers have b…
Dissipative currents and transport coefficients in relativistic spin hydrodynamics
该研究确定了含自旋势梯度的有限化学势相对论自旋流体动力学中一阶耗散流的形式，通过各向同性等条件得到23个关联耗散流与热流体场梯度的输运系数，并与文献结果比较。
We derive relativistic second-order dissipative fluid-dynamical equations of motion for massive spin-1/2 particles from kinetic theory using the method of moments. Besides the usual conservation laws for charge, energy, and momentum, such a theory of relativistic dissipative spin hydrodynamics features an equation of motion for the rank-3 spin tensor, which follows from the conservation of total angular momentum. Extending the conventional method of moments for spin-0 particles, we expand the spin-dependent distribution function near local equilibrium in terms of moments of the momentum and sp…
Dissipative Relativistic Fluid Dynamics for Nuclear Collisions
在Müller-Israel-Stewart二阶Grad耗散流体理论的基础上，分析了热传导和粘性对重离子碰撞的影响.我们对比的结果，由于Eckart和Landau和Lifshitz的一阶理论，以及由于欧拉的完美（理想）流体。研究了重离子碰撞中产生的π介子气体的能量密度和熵密度的演化。二阶理论的截断版本用于找到耗散量。
Second Order Dissipative Fluid Dynamics for Ultra-Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
利用基于Grad矩方法的Müller-Israel-Stewart相对论非理想流体二阶理论，研究了超相对论重离子碰撞中产生的热物质的膨胀.在Bjorken增强不变标度极限的框架下研究了温度演化。这些二阶理论的结果相比，由于Eckart和朗道和Lifshitz的一阶理论和那些零阶（完美流体）由于欧拉。
We re-derive the equations of motion of dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics from kinetic theory. In contrast to the derivation of Israel and Stewart, which considered the second moment of the Boltzmann equation to obtain equations of motion for the dissipative currents, we directly use the latter's definition. Although the equations of motion obtained via the two approaches are formally identical, the coefficients are different. We show that, for the one-dimensional scaling expansion, our method is in better agreement with the solution obtained from the Boltzmann equation.
Recently we proposed a novel approach to the formulation of relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics by extending the so-called matching conditions in the Eckart frame [Phys. Rev. {\bf C 85}, (2012) 14906]. We extend this formalism further to the arbitrary Lorentz frame. We discuss the stability and causality of solutions of fluid equations which are obtained by applying this formulation to the Landau frame, which is more relevant to treat the fluid produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We derive equations of motion for a relativistic dissipative fluid with zero baryon chemical po…
Linearly stable and causal relativistic first-order spin hydrodynamics
本文从动理学理论推导一阶耗散自旋流体力学方程，并通过特定匹配条件证明其在任意洛伦兹参考系中线性因果稳定。
Kubo formulas for spin polarization in dissipative relativistic spin hydrodynamics: a first-order gradient expansion approach
该研究用线性响应理论推导相对论自旋1/2流体中自旋极化的一阶梯度贡献及Kubo公式，揭示耗散项的手征不平衡条件、手征自旋霍尔效应和新的非耗散贡献。
Internal energy in dissipative relativistic fluids
Liu方法应用于一阶弱非定域狭义相对论流体。结果表明，当基态空间包含动量密度时，合理的相对论理论是一种推广理论。这一性质是由能量-动量平衡的结构和热力学第二定律得出的。此外，熵以特定的方式依赖于能量密度和动量密度，表明局域静止坐标系能量密度不能解释为内能，局域静止坐标系动量密度也应考虑。导出了相应的应力和能流本构关系。
In this work a second order relativistic viscous hydrodynamic model has been presented based on the effective fugacity quasi-particle model (EQPM). The hydro model has been derived from the effective relativistic second-order transport equation under EQPM for a multi-particle (two component) system and solving it in Grad's 14 moment method. The EQPM model describes the strongly interacting thermal system of QCD interactions through its fugacity parameters extracted from an updated lattice equations of state. The proper time evolution of temperature and pressure anisotropy is observed to be aff…
Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics from kinetic theory
基于相对论Boltzmann-Vlasov方程和14矩近似，推导了强电磁场下相对论耗散磁流体动力学的因果二阶方程，揭示了磁场诱导的各向异性输运和耗散振荡。
Israel-Stewart theory is a causal, stable formulation of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics. This theory has been shown to give a decent description of the dynamical behavior of a relativistic fluid in cases where shear stress becomes important. In principle, it should also be applicable to situations where heat flow becomes important. However, it has been shown that there are cases where Israel-Stewart theory cannot reproduce phenomena associated with heat flow. In this paper, we derive a relativistic dissipative fluid-dynamical theory from kinetic theory which provides a good descriptio…
The microscopic formulas for the shear viscosity $η$, the bulk viscosity $ζ$, and the corresponding relaxation times $τ_π$ and $τ_Π$ of causal dissipative relativistic fluid-dynamics are obtained at finite temperature and chemical potential by using the projection operator method. The non-triviality of the finite chemical potential calculation is attributed to the arbitrariness of the operator definition for the bulk viscous pressure.We show that, when the operator definition for the bulk viscous pressure $Π$ is appropriately chosen, the leading-order result of the ratio, $ζ$ over $τ_Π$, coinc…
We have studied analytically the longitudinally boost-invariant motion of a relativistic dissipative fluid with spin. We have derived the analytic solutions of spin density and spin chemical potential as a function of proper time $τ$ in the presence of viscous tensor and the second order relaxation time corrections for spin. Interestingly, analogous to the ordinary particle number density and chemical potential, we find that the spin density and spin chemical potential decay as $\simτ^{-1}$ and $\simτ^{-1/3}$, respectively. It implies that the initial spin density may not survive at the freeze…
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