We generalize the Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formalism of Skinner and Rusk to higher order field theories on fiber bundles. As a byproduct we solve the long standing problem of defining, in a coordinate free manner, a Hamiltonian formalism for higher order Lagrangian field theories. Namely, our formalism does only depend on the action functional and, therefore, unlike previously proposed ones, is free from any relevant ambiguity.
In this paper we will present Lagrangian and Hamiltonian $k$-symplectic formalisms, we will recall the notions of symmetry and conservation law and we will define the notion of pseudosymmetry as a natural extension of symmetry. Using symmetries and pseudosymmetries, without the help of a Noether type theorem, we will obtain new kinds of conservation laws for $k$-symplectic Hamiltonian systems and $k$-symplectic Lagrangian systems.
The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian structures for an ideal gauge-charged fluid are determined. Using a Kaluza-Klein point of view, the equations of motion are obtained by Lagrangian and Poisson reductions associated to the automorphism group of a principal bundle. As a consequence of the Lagrangian approach, a Kelvin-Noether theorem is obtained. The Hamiltonian formulation determines a non-canonical Poisson bracket associated to these equations.
The Rusk-Skinner formalism was developed in order to give a geometrical unified formalism for describing mechanical systems. It incorporates all the characteristics of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian descriptions of these systems (including dynamical equations and solutions, constraints, Legendre map, evolution operators, equivalence, etc.). In this work we extend this unified framework to first-order classical field theories, and show how this description comprises the main features of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, both for the regular and singular cases. This formulation is a first s…
We study the Hamiltonian formalisms of the second order degenerate Clèment and Sarıoğlu-Tekin Lagrangians. The Dirac-Bergmann constraint algorithm is employed while arriving at the total Hamiltonian functions and the Hamilton's equations on the associated momemtum phase spaces whereas the Gotay-Nester-Hinds algorithm is run while investigating the Skinner-Rusk unified formalism on the proper Whitney bundles.
Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian dynamical systems are well formalized mathematically. They give rise to geometric structures describing motion of a point in smooth manifolds. Riemannian metric is a different geometric structure formalizing concepts of length and angle. The interplay of Riemannian metric and its metric connection with mechanical structures produces some features which are absent in the case of general (non-Riemannian) manifolds. The aim of present paper is to discuss these features and develop special language for describing Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian dynamic…
The Lagrangian representation of multi-Hamiltonian PDEs has been introduced by Y. Nutku and one of us (MVP). In this paper we focus on systems which are (at least) bi-Hamiltonian by a pair $A_1$, $A_2$, where $A_1$ is a hydrodynamic-type Hamiltonian operator. We prove that finding the Lagrangian representation is equivalent to finding a generalized vector field $τ$ such that $A_2=L_τA_1$. We use this result in order to find the Lagrangian representation when $A_2$ is a homogeneous third-order Hamiltonian operator, although the method that we use can be applied to any other homogeneous Hamilton…
The aim of the present text is twofold: to provide a compendium of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian geometries and to introduce and investigate new analytical Mechanics: Finslerian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian. The fundamental equations (or evolution equations) of these Mechanics are derived from the variational calculus applied to the integral of action and these can be studied by using the methods of Lagrangian or Hamiltonian geometries. More general, the notions of higher order Lagrange or Hamilton spaces have been introduced and developed by the present author. The applications led to the notions…
In some previous papers, a Legendre duality between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics has been developed. The (ρ,η)-tangent application of the Legendre bundle morphism associated to a Lagrangian L or Hamiltonian H is presented. Using that, a Legendre description of Lagrangian Mechanics and Hamiltonian Mechanics is developed. Duality between Lie algebroids structure, adapted (ρ,η)-basis, distinguished linear (ρ,η)-connections and mechanical (ρ,η)-systems is the scope of this paper. In the particular case of Lie algebroids, new results are presented. In the particular case of the usual Lie al…
In some previous papers, a geometric description of Lagrangian Mechanics on Lie algebroids has been developed. In the present paper, we give a Hamiltonian description of Mechanics on Lie algebroids. In addition, we introduce the notion of a Lagrangian submanifold of a symplectic Lie algebroid and we prove that the Lagrangian (Hamiltonian) dynamics on Lie algebroids may be described in terms of Lagrangian submanifolds of symplectic Lie algebroids. The Lagrangian (Hamiltonian) formalism on Lie algebroids permits to deal with Lagrangian (Hamiltonian) functions not defined necessarily on tangent (…
The purpose of this short note is to prove the uniqueness of Hamiltonian volume minimizing Lagrangian submanifolds which are Hamiltonian isotopic to RP^n in CP^n modulo isometric group actions.
Motivated by various results on homogeneous geodesics of Riemannian spaces, we study homogeneous trajectories, i.e. trajectories which are orbits of a one-parameter symmetry group, of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems. We present criteria under which an orbit of a one-parameter subgroup of a symmetry group G is a solution of the Euler-Lagrange or Hamiltonian equations. In particular, we generalize the `geodesic lemma' known in Riemannian geometry to Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems. We present results on the existence of homogeneous trajectories of Lagrangian systems. We study Hamiltonian a…
In this paper we generalize examples of Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds constructed by Lee and Wang in $\mathbb{C}^m$ to toric almost Calabi-Yau manifolds. We construct examples of weighted Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds in toric almost Calabi-Yau manifolds and solutions of generalized Lagrangian mean curvature flows starting from these examples. We allow these flows to have some singularities and topological changes.
A Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifold of a Kaehler manifold is a Lagrangian submanifold whose volume is stationary under Hamiltonian variations. We find a sufficient condition on the curvature of a Kaehler manifold of real dimension four that guarantees the existence of a family of small Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian tori.
The static of smooth maps from the two-dimensional disc to a smooth manifold can be regarded as a simplified version of the Classical Field Theory. In this paper we construct the Tulczyjew triple for the problem and describe the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism. We outline also natural generalizations of this approach to arbitrary dimensions.
In this paper, we compute the first and second variation formulas for the F-functional of translating solitons and study the Hamiltonian L-stability of Lagrangian translating solitons. We prove that any Lagrangian translating soliton is Hamiltonian L-stable.
The Lagrangian formalism on a arbitrary non-fibrating manifold is considered. The kinematical description of this generic situation is based on the concept of (higher-order) Grassmann manifolds which is the factorization of the regular velocity manifold to the action of the differential group. Here we introduce in this context the basic concepts of the Lagrangian formalism as Lagrange, Euler-Lagrange and Helmholtz-Sonin forms. These objects come in pairs, namely we have homogeneous objects (defined on the regular velocity manifold) and non-homogeneous objects (defined on the Grassmann manifold…
The geometric Lagrangian theory (of arbitrary order) is based on the analysis of some basic mathematical objects such as: the contact ideal, the (exact) variational sequence, the existence of Euler-Lagrange and Helmholtz-Sonin forms, etc. In this paper we give new and much simpler proofs for the whole theory using Fock space methods. Using these results we give the most general expression for a variationally trivial Lagrangian and the generic expression for a locally variational system of partial differential equation.
This paper provides a description of an algebraic setting for the Lagrangian formalism over graded algebras and is intended as the necessary first step towards the noncommutative C-spectral sequence (variational bicomplex). A noncommutative version of integration procedure, the notion of adjoint operator, Green's formula, the relation between integral and differential forms, conservation laws, Euler operator, Noether's theorem is considered.
We prove a bubble tree convergence theorem for a sequence of closed Hamiltonian Stationary Lagrangian surfaces with bounded areas and Willmore energies in a complete K{ä}hler surface. We also prove two strong compactness theorems on the space of Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian tori in $\mathbb C^2$ and $\mathbb{CP}^2$ respectively.
We study Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian surfaces in C^2, i.e. Lagrangian surfaces in C^2 which are stationary points of the area functional under smooth Hamiltonian variations. Using loop groups, we propose a formulation of the equation as a completely integrable system. We construct a Weierstrass type representation and produce all tori through either the integrable systems machinery or more direct arguments.
In this work, we prove a compactness theorem on the space of all Hamiltonian stationay Lagrangian submanifolds in a compact symplectic manifold with uniform bounds on area and total extrinsic curvature.
We apply the concept of castling transform of prehomogeneous vector spaces to produce new examples of minimal homogeneous Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex projective space. Furthermore we verify the Hamiltonian stability of a low dimensional example that can be obtained in this way.
We prove an equivariant deformation result for Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds of a Kahler manifold, with respect to deformations of its metric and almost complex structure that are compatible with an isometric Hamiltonian group action. This yields existence of Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds in possibly non-Kahler symplectic manifolds whose metric is arbitrarily close to a Kahler metric.
Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian spheres in Kaehler-Einstein surfaces are minimal. We prove that in the family of non-Einstein Kaehler surfaces given by the product $Σ_1\timesΣ_2$ of two complete orientable Riemannian surfaces of different constant Gauss curvatures, there is only a (non minimal) Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian sphere. This example is defined when the surfaces $Σ_1$ and $ Σ_2$ are spheres.
We study the energy functional on the set of Lagrangian tori in $\mathbb{C}P^2$ . We prove that the value of the energy functional on a certain family of Hamiltonian minimal Lagrangian tori in $\mathbb{C}P^2$ is strictly larger than energy of the Clifford torus.
Using Legendrian immersions and, in particular, Legendre curves in odd dimensional spheres and anti De Sitter spaces, we provide a method of construction of new examples of Hamiltonian-minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in complex projective and hyperbolic spaces, including explicit one parameter families of embeddings of quotients of certain product manifolds. In addition, new examples of minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in complex projective and hyperbolic spaces also appear. Making use of all of them, we get Hamiltonian-minimal and special Lagrangian cones in complex Euclidean space too.
All principal orbits of the standard Hamiltonian $T^n$-action on the complex projective space ${\mathbb C}P^n$ are Lagrangian tori.In this article, we prove that most of them are not volume minimizing under Hamiltonian isotopies of ${\mathbb C}P^n$ if the complex dimension $n$ is greater than two, although they are Hamiltonian minimal and Hamiltonian stable.
On a manifold equipped with a bivector field, we introduce for every Hamiltonian a Lagrangian on paths valued in the cotangent space whose stationary points projects onto Hamiltonian vector fields. We show that the remaining components of those stationary points tell whether the bivector field is Poisson or at least defines an integrable distribution - a class of bivector fields generalizing twisted Poisson structures that we study in detail.
We prove that an analog of the exterior differential acts on the space of arbitrary Lagrangians of multidimensional paths on any manifold or supermanifold, thus making this space into a cochain complex. An analog of the Stokes' formula holds. The construction and the proofs are purely geometrical, in terms of the variation of corresponding actions.
In this paper, we study the Lagrangian F-stability and Hamiltonian F-stability of Lagrangian self-shrinkers. We prove a characterization theorem for the Hamiltonian F-stability of $n$-dimensional complete Lagrangian self-shrinkers without boundary, with polynomial volume growth and with the second fundamental form satisfying the condition that there exist constants $C_0>0$ and $\varepsilon<\frac{1}{16n}$ such that $|A|^2\leq C_0+\varepsilon |x|^2$. We characterize the Hamiltonian F-stablity by the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of the drifted Laplacian.
In this study, we introduce Euler-Lagrange and Hamiltonian equations on (R2; g; J) being a model of para-Kaehlerian Space Forms. Finally, some geometrical and physical results on the related mechanic systems have been discussed.
In this paper by reduction we construct a family of conformally flat Hamiltonian-minimal Lagrangian tori in $\mathbb{CP}^3$ as the image of the composition of the Hopf map $\mathcal{H}: \mathbb{S}^7\to \mathbb{CP}^3$ and a map $ψ:\mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{S}^7$ with certain conditions.
Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangians are Lagrangian submanifolds that are critical points of the volume functional under Hamiltonian deformations. They can be considered as a generalization of special Lagrangians or Lagrangian and minimal submanifolds. Joyce, Schoen and the author show that given any compact rigid Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian in $\C^n$, one can always find a family of Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangians of the same type in any compact symplectic manifolds with a compatible metric. The advantage of this result is that it holds in very general classes. But the disadvantage is …
In 1993, Y.-G. Oh proposed a problem whether standard Lagrangian tori in C^n are volume minimizing under Hamiltonian isotopies of C^n. In this article, we prove that most of them do not have such property if the dimension n is greater than two. We also discuss the existence of Hamiltonian non-volume minimizing Lagrangian torus orbits of compact toric Kahler manifolds.
Hamiltonian minimality (H-minimality) for Lagrangian submanifolds is a symplectic analogue of Riemannian minimality. A Lagrangian submanifold is called H-minimal if the variations of its volume along all Hamiltonian vector fields are zero. This notion was introduced in the work of Y.-G. Oh in connection with the celebrated Arnold conjecture on the number of fixed points of a Hamiltonian symplectomorphism. In the previous works the authors defined and studied a family of H-minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in complex space arising from intersections of Hermitian quadrics. Here we extend this cons…
We describe several families of Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex Euclidean space which are H-minimal, i.e. critical points of the volume functional restricted to Hamiltonian variations. We make use of various constructions involving planar, spherical and hyperbolic curves, as well as Legendrian submanifolds of the odd-dimensional unit sphere.
Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds (HSLAG) are a natural generalization of special Lagrangian manifolds (SLAG). The latter only make sense on Calabi-Yau manifolds whereas the former are defined for any almost Kähler manifold. Special Lagrangians, and, more specificaly, fibrations by special Lagrangians play an important role in the context of the geometric mirror symmetry conjecture. However, these objects are rather scarce in nature. On the contrary, we show that HSLAG submanifolds, or fibrations, arise quite often. Many examples of HSLAG fibrations are provided by toric Käh-ler g…
We consider a connected symplectic manifold $M$ acted on properly and in a Hamiltonian fashion by a connected Lie group $G$. Inspired to the recent paper \cite{gb2}, see also \cite{ch} and \cite{pacini}, we study Lagrangian orbits of Hamiltonian actions. The dimension of the moduli space of the Lagrangian orbits is given and we also describe under which condition a Lagrangian orbit is isolated. If $M$ is a compact Kähler manifold we give a necessary and sufficient condition to an isometric action admits a Lagrangian orbit. Then we investigate Lagrangian homogeneous submanifolds on the symplect…
In this paper, we investigate the Hamiltonian-stability of Lagrangian tori in the complex hyperbolic space $\mathbb{C}H^n$. We consider a standard Hamiltonian $T^n$-action on $\mathbb{C}H^n$, and show that every Lagrangian $T^n$-orbits in $\mathbb{C}H^n$ is H-stable when $n\leq 2$ and there exist infinitely many H-unstable $T^n$-orbits when $n\geq 3$. On the other hand, we prove a monotone $T^n$-orbit in $\mathbb{C}H^n$ is H-stable and rigid for any $n$. Moreover, we see almost all Lagrangian $T^n$-orbits in $\mathbb{C}H^n$ are not Hamiltonian volume minimizing when $n\geq 3$ as well as the ca…
In this paper, we generalize several results for the Hamiltonian stability and the mean curvature flow of Lagrangian submanifolds in a Kähler-Einstein manifold to more general Kähler manifolds including a Fano manifold equipped with a Kähler form $ω\in 2πc_1(M)$ by using the methodology proposed by T. Behrndt. Namely, we first consider a weighted measure on a Lagrangian submanifold $L$ in a Kähler manifold $M$ and investigate the variational problem of $L$ for the weighted volume functional. We call a stationary point of the weighted volume functional $f$-minimal, and define the notion of Hami…
For a sequence of immersed connected closed Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submaniolds in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$ with uniform bounds on their volumes and the total extrinsic curvatures, we prove that a subsequence converges either to a point or to a Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian $n$-varifold locally uniformly in $C^{k}$ for any nonnegative integer $k$ away from a finite set of points, and the limit is Hamiltonian stationary in ${\mathbb{C}}^{n}$. We also obtain a theorem on extending Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds $L$ across a compact set $N$ of Hausdorff codimension at least …
Let L be a Lagrangian submanifold of a pseudo- or para-Kähler manifold which is H-minimal, i.e. a critical point of the volume functional restricted to Hamiltonian variations. We derive the second variation of the volume of L with respect to Hamiltonian variations. We apply this formula to several cases. In particular we observe that a minimal Lagrangian submanifold L in a Ricci-flat pseudo- or para-Kähler manifold is H-stable, i.e. its second variation is definite and L therefore a local extremizer of the volume with respect to Hamiltonian variations. We also give a stability criterion for sp…
Lagrangian submanifolds of a Kaehler manifold are called Hamiltonian-stationary (or $H$-stationary for short) if it is a critical point of the area functional restricted to compactly supported Hamiltonian variations. In [B. Y. Chen, F. Dillen, L. Verstraelen and L. Vrancken, Lagrangian isometric immersions of a real-space-form $M^{n}(c)$ into a complex-space-form $\tilde{M}^{n}(4c)$, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philo. Soc. 124 (1998), 107-125], an effective method to constructing Lagrangian submanifolds of constant curvature $\varepsilon$ in complex space form $M^n(4\varepsilon)$ was introduced. In …
In this paper we study the reductions of evolutionary PDEs on the manifold of the stationary points of time--dependent symmetries. In particular we describe how that the finite dimensional Hamiltonian structure of the reduced system is obtained from the Hamiltonian structure of the initial PDE and we construct the time--dependent Hamiltonian function. We also present a very general Lagrangian formulation of the procedure of reduction. As an application we consider the case of the Painlevé equations PI, PII, PIII, PVI and also certain higher order systems appeared in the theory of Frobenius man…
The Clifford torus is a torus in a three-dimensional sphere. Homogeneous tori are simple generalization of the Clifford torus which still in a three-dimensional sphere. There is a way to construct tori in a three-dimensional sphere using the Hopf fibration. In this paper, all Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian tori which is contained in a hypersphere in the complex Euclidean plane are constructed explicitly. Then it is shown that they are homogeneous tori. For the construction, flat quaternionic connections of Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian tori are considered and a spectral curve of an asso…
We show that the Clifford torus and the totally geodesic real projective plane RP^2 in the complex projective plane CP^2 are the unique Hamiltonian stable minimal Lagrangian compact surfaces of CP^2 with genus less than or equal to 4, when the surface is orientable, and with Euler characteristic greater than or equal to -1, when the surface is nonorientable. Also we characterize RP^2 in CP^2 as the least possible index minimal Lagrangian compact nonorientable surface of CP^2.
Let (M,w) be a compact symplectic 2n-manifold, and g a Riemannian metric on M compatible with w. For instance, g could be Kahler, with Kahler form w. Consider compact Lagrangian submanifolds L of M. We call L Hamiltonian stationary, or H-minimal, if it is a critical point of the volume functional under Hamiltonian deformations. It is called Hamiltonian stable if in addition the second variation of volume under Hamiltonian deformations is nonnegative. Our main result is that if L is a compact, Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian in C^n satisfying the extra condition of being Hamiltonian rigid, th…
We prove a Morrey-type theorem for Hamiltonian stationary submanifolds of $\mathbb{C}^{n}$. Namely, if $L$ $\subset$ $\mathbb{C}^{n}$ is a $C^{1}$ Lagrangian submanifold with weakly harmonic Lagrangian phase $θ,$ then $L$ must be smooth. In the process we also discuss a local version of the equation, which is a nonlinear fourth order double divergence equation of the potential function whose gradient graph defines the Hamiltonian stationary submanifolds locally, and we establish full regularity and removability of singular sets of capacity zero for weak solutions with $C^{1,1}$ norm below a di…
We construct examples of shrinkers and expanders for Lagrangian mean curvature flows. These examples are Hamiltonian stationary and asymptotic to the union of two Hamiltonian stationary cones found by Schoen and Wolfson. The Schoen-Wolfson cones $C_{p,q}$ are obstructions to the existence problems of special Lagrangians or Lagrangian minimal surfaces in the variational approach. It is known that these cone singularities cannot be resolved by any smooth oriented Lagrangian submanifolds. The shrinkers and expanders that we found can be glued together to yield solutions of the Brakke motion-a wea…
