In our recent model, the cooperation emerges as a positive feedback between a not-too-bad reputation and an altruistic attitude. Here we introduce a bias of altruism as to favorize members of the same group. The matrix F(i,j) of frequency of cooperation between agents i and j reveals the structure of communities. The Newman algorithm reproduces the initial bias. The method based on differential equations detects two groups of agents cooperating within their groups, leaving the uncooperative ones aside.
How the competitive altruism leads to bistable homogeneous states of cooperation or defection
我们最近的合作极小模型（P.Gawronski et al，Physica A 388（2009）3581）被修改为允许时间依赖的利他主义。这种演化是基于其他代理的声誉，而其他代理的声誉又取决于历史。我们发现，这种修改会导致整个系统的两个吸收状态，其中的合作在一个状态，并在另一个不存在。与间接互惠模型，其中代理的利他主义是恒定的，得到的结果的效果进行比较。
We study the evolution of cooperation as a birth-death process in spatially extended populations. The benefit from the altruistic behavior of a cooperator is implemented by decreasing the death rate of its direct neighbors. The cost of cooperation is the increase of a cooperator's death rate proportional to the number of its neighbors. When cooperation has higher cost than benefit, cooperators disappear. Then the dynamics reduces to the contact process with defectors as the single particle type. Increasing the benefit-cost ratio above 1, the extinction transition of the contact process splits …
Cooperative behaviors are common in humans and are fundamental to our society. Theoretical and experimental studies have modeled environments in which the behaviors of humans, or agents, have been restricted to analyze their social behavior. However, it is important that such studies are generalized to less restrictive environments to understand human society. Social network games (SNGs) provide a particularly powerful tool for the quantitative study of human behavior. In SNGs, numerous players can behave more freely than in the environments used in previous studies; moreover, their relationsh…
In previous studies of spatial public goods game, each player is able to establish a group. However, in real life, some players cannot successfully organize groups for various reasons. In this paper, we propose a mechanism of reputation-driven group formation, in which groups can only be organized by players whose reputation reaches or exceeds a threshold. We define a player's reputation as the frequency of cooperation in the last $T$ time steps. We find that the highest cooperation level can be obtained when groups are only established by pure cooperators who always cooperate in the last $T$ …
Evolutionary Dynamics of Reputation-Based Voluntary Prisoner's Dilemma Games
Kyushu University（九州大学）；Teesside University（蒂斯赛德大学）；CSSC Systems Engineering Research Institute（中国船舶系统工程研究院）；CSSC Intelligent Innovation Research Institute（中国船舶智能创新研究院）；Yunnan University of Finance and Economics（云南财经大学）；University of Maribor（马里博尔大学）；Community Healthcare Center Dr. Adolf Drolc Maribor（马里博尔阿道夫·德罗尔克博士社区健康中心）；Kyung Hee University（庆熙大学）；Korea University（高丽大学）；Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）
In dyadic models of indirect reciprocity, the receivers' history of giving has a significant impact on the donor's decision. When the interaction involves more than two agents things become more complicated, and in large groups cooperation can hardly emerge. In this work we use a Public Goods Game to investigate whether publicly available reputation scores may support the evolution of cooperation and whether this is affected by the kind of network structure adopted. Moreover, if agents interact on a bipartite graph with partner selection cooperation can thrive in large groups and in a small am…
Shaping the learning signal in a combined Q-learning rule to improve structured cooperation
Kunming University（昆明大学）；Yunnan University of Finance and Economics（云南财经大学）；Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research（能源研究中心技术物理与材料科学研究所）
Despite recent advances in reputation technologies, it is not clear how reputation systems can affect human cooperation in social networks. Although it is known that two of the major mechanisms in the evolution of cooperation are spatial selection and reputation-based reciprocity, theoretical study of the interplay between both mechanisms remains almost uncharted. Here, we present a new individual-based model for the evolution of reciprocal cooperation between reputation and networks. We comparatively analyze four of the leading moral assessment rules---shunning, image scoring, stern judging, …
Evolutionary game theory and the tower of Babel of cooperation: Altruism, free-riding, parasitism and the structure of the interactions in a world with finite resources
The understanding of cooperative behavior in social systems has been the subject of intense research over the past decades. In this regard, the theoretical models used to explain cooperation in human societies have been complemented with a growing interest in experimental studies to validate the proposed mechanisms. In this work, we rely on previous experimental findings to build a theoretical model based on two cooperation driving mechanisms: second-order reputation and memory. Specifically, taking the Donation Game as a starting point, the agents are distributed among three strategies, namel…
Melamed, Harrell, and Simpson have recently reported on an experiment which appears to show that cooperation can arise in a dynamic network without reputational knowledge, i.e., purely via dynamics [1]. We believe that their experimental design is actually not testing this, in so far as players do know the last action of their current partners before making a choice on their own next action and subsequently deciding which link to cut. Had the authors given no information at all, the result would be a decline in cooperation as shown in [2].
Incomplete Reputation Information and Punishment in Indirect Reciprocity
Pukyong National University（釜庆国立大学）；RIKEN Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Science (iTHEMS)（理化学研究所交叉理论数学科学中心（iTHEMS））；RIKEN Center for Computational Science（理化学研究所计算科学中心）
Emergence of cooperation: A reputation-modulated reinforcement learning
School of Physics, East China Normal University（华东师范大学物理系）；School of Physics, Ningxia University（宁夏大学物理学院）；School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University（陕西师范大学物理与信息工程学院）
Reputation is one of key mechanisms to maintain human cooperation, but its analysis gets complicated if we consider the possibility that reputation does not reach consensus because of erroneous assessment. The difficulty is alleviated if we assume that reputation and cooperation do not take binary values but have continuous spectra so that disagreement over reputation can be analysed in a perturbative way. In this work, we carry out the analysis by expanding the dynamics of reputation to the second order of perturbation under the assumption that everyone initially cooperates with good reputati…
Reputation systems are currently used, often with success, to ensure the functioning of online services as well as of e-commerce sites. Despite the relationship between reputation and material cooperative behaviours is quite supported, less obvious appears the relationship with informative behaviours, which are crucial for the transmission of reputational information and therefore for the maintenance of cooperation among individuals. The purpose of this study was to verify how reputation affects cooperation dynamics in virtual environment, within a social dilemma situation (i.e., where there a…
A simple model from game theory, which can imitate a mechanism of corruption and cooperation patterns, is proposed. The settings are divided into two studies with examples related to safety of Moldovan economy. In Homo Economicus world, players seem to act in rational way and decisions are driven by payouts. In Homo Sociologicus world decisions are described by players acquiring reputation and evolving altruism, which in turn determine their choice of strategy (evolution of cooperation). I shall discuss both modeling approaches of Prisoner Dilemma, to understand collapse of cooperation and inc…
What is intuitive: pro-social or anti-social behaviour? To answer this fundamental question, recent studies analyse decision times in game theory experiments under the assumption that intuitive decisions are fast and that deliberation is slow. These analyses keep track of the average time taken to make decisions under different conditions. Lacking any knowledge of the underlying dynamics, such simplistic approach might however lead to erroneous interpretations. Here we model the cognitive basis of strategic cooperative decision making using the Drift Diffusion Model to discern between delibera…
Cooperation can be supported by indirect reciprocity via reputation.Thanks to gossip, reputations are built and circulated and humans can identify defectors and ostracise them. However, the evolutionary stability of gossip is allegedly undermined by the fact that it is more error-prone that direct observation, whereas ostracism could be ineffective if the partner selection mechanism is not robust. The aim of this work is to investigate the conditions under which the combination of gossip and ostracism might support cooperation in groups of different sizes. We are also interested in exploring t…
University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；RIKEN Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Science (iTHEMS)（理化学研究所交叉理论与数学科学中心(iTHEMS)）；RIKEN Center for Computational Science（理化学研究所计算科学中心）；Saitama University（埼玉大学）
The emergence of cooperation among self-interested agents has been a key concern of the multi-agent systems community for decades. With the increased importance of network-mediated interaction, researchers have shifted the attention on the impact of social networks and their dynamics in promoting or hindering cooperation, drawing various context-dependent conclusions. For example, some lines of research, theoretical and experimental, suggest the existence of a threshold effect in the ratio of timescales of network evolution, after which cooperation will emerge, whereas other lines dispute this…
The nature of dispersal of many invasive pests and pathogens in agricultural and forestry makes it necessary to consider how the actions of one manager affect neighbouring properties. In addition to the direct effects of a potential spread of a pest and the resulting economic loss, there are also indirect consequences that affect whole regions and that require coordinated actions to manage and/or to eradicate it (like movement restrictions). In this paper we address the emergence and stability of cooperation among agents who respond to a threat of an invasive pest or disease. The model, based …
Individual and collective gains from cooperation and reciprocity in a dynamic-network Prisoner's Dilemma driven by extraversion, openness, and agreeableness
Departamento de Informática e Ingeniería de Sistemas, Universidad de Zaragoza（萨拉戈萨大学计算机与系统工程系）；Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza（阿拉贡工程研究所 (I3A)，萨拉戈萨大学）
