We investigate the asymptotic zero distribution of Heine-Stieltjes polynomials - polynomial solutions of a second order differential equations with complex polynomial coefficients. In the case when all zeros of the leading coefficients are all real, zeros of the Heine-Stieltjes polynomials were interpreted by Stieltjes as discrete distributions minimizing an energy functional. In a general complex situation one deals instead with a critical point of the energy. We introduce the notion of discrete and continuous critical measures (saddle points of the weighted logarithmic energy on the plane), and prove that a weak-* limit of a sequence of discrete critical measures is a continuous critical measure. Thus, the limit zero distributions of the Heine-Stieltjes polynomials are given by continuous critical measures. We give a detailed description of such measures, showing their connections with quadratic differentials. In doing that, we obtain some results on the global structure of rational quadratic differentials on the Riemann sphere that have an independent interest.
This work deals with the obtaining of solutions of first and second order Stieltjes differential equations. We define the notions of Stieltjes derivative on the whole domain of the functions involved, provide a notion of n-times continuously Stieltjes-differentiable functions and prove existence and uniqueness results of Stieltjes differential equations in those spaces. We also present the Green's functions associated to the different problems and an application to the Stieltjes harmonic oscillator.
We use lower and upper solutions to investigate the existence of the greatest and the least solutions for quasimonotone systems of measure differential equations. The established results are then used to study the solvability of Stieltjes differential equations; a recent unification of discrete, continuous and impulsive systems. The applicability of our results is illustrated in a simple model for bacteria population.
The generating function of Stieltjes-Carlitz polynomials is a solution of Heun's differential equation and using this relation Carlitz was the first to get exact closed forms for some Heun functions. Similarly the associated Stieltjes-Carlitz polynomials lead to a new differential equation which we call associated Heun. Thanks to the link with orthogonal polynomials we are able to deduce two integral relations connecting associated Heun functions with different parameters and to exhibit the set of associated Heun functions which generalize Carlitz's. Part of these results were used by the auth…
We show that a differential version of the classical Chebyshev-Markov-Stieltjes inequalities holds for a broad family of weight functions. Such a differential version appears to be new. Our results apply to weight functions which are bounded away from zero and piecewise absolutely continuous and yield effective estimates when the weight satisfies additional regularity conditions.
In this work, we define the notions of Wronskian and simplified Wronskian for Stieltjes derivatives and study some of their properties in a similar manner to the context of time scales or the usual derivative. Later, we use these tools to investigate second order linear differential equations with Stieltjes derivatives to find linearly independent solutions, as well as to derive the variation of parameters method for problems with $g$-continuous coefficients. This theory is later illustrated with some examples such as the study of the one-dimensional linear Helmholtz equation with piecewise-co…
We look at some extensions of the Stieltjes-Wigert weight functions. First we replace the variable x by x^2 in a family of weight functions given by Askey in 1989 and we show that the recurrence coefficients of the corresponding orthogonal polynomials can be expressed in terms of a solution of the q-discrete Painlevé III equation. Next we consider the q-Laguerre or generalized Stieltjes-Wigert weight functions with a quadratic transformation and derive recursive equations for the recurrence coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials. These turn out to be related to the q-discrete Painlevé V eq…
We extend the Heine-Stieltjes Theorem to concern all (non-degenerate) differential operators preserving the property of having only real zeros. This solves a conjecture of B. Shapiro. The new methods developed are used to describe intricate interlacing relations between the zeros of different pairs of solutions. This extends recent results of Bourget, McMillen and Vargas for the Heun equation and answers their question on how to generalize their results to higher degrees. Many of the results are new even for the classical case.
For each of the eight $n$-th derivative parameter changing formulas for Gauss hypergeometric functions a corresponding fractional integration formula is given. For both types of formulas the differential or integral operator is intertwining between two actions of the hypergeometric differential operator (for two sets of parameters): a so-called transmutation property. This leads to eight fractional integration formulas and four generalized Stieltjes transform formulas for each of the six different explicit solutions of the hypergeometric differential equation, by letting the transforms act on …
We investigate the strong asymptotics of Heine-Stieltjes polynomials - polynomial solutions of a second order differential equations with complex polynomial coefficients. The solution is given in terms of critical measures (saddle points of the weighted logarithmic energy on the plane), that are tightly related to quadratic differentials with closed trajectories on the plane. The paper is a continuation of the research initiated in [arXiv:0902.0193]. However, the starting point here is the WKB method, which allows to obtain the strong asymptotics.
In 1986 J. Nuttall published in Constructive Approximation the paper "Asymptotics of generalized Jacobi polynomials", where with his usual insight he studied the behavior of the denominators ("generalized Jacobi polynomials") and the remainders of the Pade approximants to a special class of algebraic functions with 3 branch points. 25 years later we try to look at this problem from a modern perspective. On one hand, the generalized Jacobi polynomials constitute an instance of the so-called Heine-Stieltjes polynomials, i.e. they are solutions of linear ODE with polynomial coefficients. On the o…
In this paper we prove pointwise and distributional Fourier transform inversion theorems for functions on the real line that are locally of bounded variation, while in a neighbourhood of infinity are Lebesgue integrable or have polynomial growth. We also allow the Fourier transform to exist in the principal value sense. A function is called regulated if it has a left limit and a right limit at each point. The main inversion theorem is obtained by solving the differential equation $df(t)-iωf(t)=g(t)$ for a regulated function $f$, where $ω$ is a complex number with positive imaginary part. This …
Given a differential operator T=\sum_{i=1}^k Q_i(z)d^i/dz^i where each Q_i(z) is a polynomial define r=max_i deg(Q_i(z)-i). Assuming that r is nonnegative we consider the following multiparameter spectral problem: for each positive integer n find all polynomials V(z) of degree at most r such that the equation T(S(z))+V(z)S(z)=0 has a polynomial solution S(z) of degree n. We calculate for any converging sequence of normalized polynomials V_j(z) the root-counting measure of the corresponding sequence of polynomials S_j(z).
Polynomial solutions to the generalized Lamé equation, the Stieltjes polynomials, and the associated Van Vleck polynomials have been studied since the 1830's in various contexts including the solution of Laplace equations on an ellipsoid. Recently there has been renewed interest in the distribution of the zeros of Van Vleck polynomials as the degree of the corresponding Stieltjes polynomials increases. In this paper we show that the zeros of Van Vleck polynomials corresponding to Stieltjes polynomials of successive degrees interlace. We also show that the spectral polynomials formed from the V…
We consider symmetric second-order differential operators with real coefficients such that the corresponding differential equation is in the limit circle case at infinity. Our goal is to construct the theory of self-adjoint realizations of such operators by an analogy with the case of Jacobi operators. We introduce a new object, the quasiresolvent of the maximal operator, and use it to obtain a very explicit formula for the resolvents of all self-adjoint realizations. In particular, this yields a simple representation for the Cauchy-Stieltjes transforms of the spectral measures playing the rol…
In this note, we study polynomial and rational lemniscates as trajectories of related quadratic differentials. Many classic results can be then proved easily...
In this work we establish a theory of Calculus based on the new concept of displacement. We develop all the concepts and results necessary to go from the definition to differential equations, starting with topology and measure and moving on to differentiation and integration. We find interesting notions on the way, such as the integral with respect to a path of measures or the displacement derivative. We relate both of these two concepts by a Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Finally, we develop the necessary framework in order to study displacement equations by relating them to Stieltjes diffe…
In this note, we study the fingerprints of closed smooth curves that are trajectories of a particular Strebel quadratic differentials. It is a generalization of the cases of polynomials and rational lemniscates.
The study of the asymptotic distributions of zeros of generalized Jacobi polynomials with non real varying parameters, leads with quadratic differentials. In fact, the support of the limit measure of the root-counting measures sits on the finite critical trajectories of a related quadratic differential. In this paper, we study the trajectories of this quadratic differential, more precisely, we give a necessary and sufficient condition on the complex numbers a; b; and λ for the existence of at list one finite critical trajectory of the quadratic differential ((λ^2(z-a)(z-b))/((z^2-1)^2))dz^2.
The purpose of this note is to provide an alternative proof of two quadratic transformation formulas contiguous to that of Gauss using a differential equation approach.
In this note, we discuss the possible existence of finite critical trajectories connecting two zeros a(t) and b(t) of a family of quadratic differentials satisfying some properties. We treat the cases of holomorphic and meromorphic quadratic differentials, and we give new proofs concerning the supports of limit measures of the root-counting measures of the generalized Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials with varying parameters.
In this paper, we discuss the existence of solution (as Cauchy transform of a signed measure) of a particular algebraic quadratic equation of the form $\mathcal{C}^{2}\left( z\right) +r\left( z\right) \mathcal{C}\left( z\right) +s\left( z\right) =0.$ This problem remains to describe the critical graph of a related polynomial quadratic differential; in particular, we discuss the existence of finite critical trajectories of this quadratic differential.
Applying the Picard-Fuchs equation to the discontinuous differential system, we obtain the upper bounds of the number of zeros for Abelian integrals of four kinds of quadratic differential systems when it is perturbed inside all discontinuous polynomials with degree $n$. Furthermore, by using the {\it Chebyshev criterion}, we obtain the sharp upper bounds on each period annulus for $n=2$.
For ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, a central problem is to understand, in a given equation or class of equations, those whose solutions do not present multivaluedness. We consider autonomous, first-order, quadratic homogeneous equations in three variables, and begin the classification of those which do not have multivalued solutions.
In this paper, the focus will be on both the existence and non-existence respectively of finite critical trajectories and recurrent trajectories of a quadratic differential on the Riemann sphere. We show the connection between these two items. More precisely, we collect some criterions for the non-existence of recurrent trajectories. The first criterion is in the same vein of Jenkins Three-pole Theorem, while the second one is in relation with the so-called Level function of quadratic differentials.
Two main topics of this paper are asymptotic distributions of zeros of Jacobi polynomials and topology of critical trajectories of related quadratic differentials. First, we will discuss recent developments and some new results concerning the limit of the root-counting measures of these polynomials. In particular, we will show that the support of the limit measure sits on the critical trajectories of a quadratic differential of the form Q(z)dz^2=(az^2+bz+c)dz^2/(z^2-1)^2. Then we will give a complete classification, in terms of complex parameters a, b, and c, of possible topological types of c…
In this paper, we discuss the representability almost everywhere (a.e.) in the plane of an irreducible algebraic function as the Cauchy transform of a signed measure supported on a finite number of compact semi-analytic curves and a finite number of isolated points. We discuss the existence of critical trajectories of a family of quadratic differentials.
Motivated by the study of the asymptotic behavior of Jacobi polynomials $\left( P_{n}^{(nA,nB)}\right) _{n}$ with $A\in \mathbb C$ and $B>0$ we establish the global structure of trajectories of the related rational quadratic differential on $\mathbb C$. As a consequence, the asymptotic zero distribution (limit of the root-counting measures of $\left( P_{n}^{(nA,nB)}\right) _{n}$) is described. The support of this measure is formed by an open arc in the complex plan (critical trajectory of the aforementioned quadratic differential) that can be characterized by the symmetry property of its equil…
The present paper is devoted to the study of the maximum number of limit cycles bifurcated from the periodic orbits of the quadratic isochronous center $\dot{x}=-y+\frac{16}{3}x^{2}-\frac{4}{3}y^{2},\dot{y}=x+\frac{8}{3}xy$ by the averaging method of first order, when it is perturbed inside a class of discontinuous quadratic polynomial differential systems. The \emph{Chebyshev criterion} is used to show that this maximum number is 5 and can be realizable. The result and that in paper \cite{LC} completely answer the questions left in the paper \cite{LM}.
We show that the algebraic curve $a_0(x)(y-r(x))+p_2(x)a'(x)=0,$ where $r(x)$ and $p_2(x)$ are polynomial of degree 1 and 2 respectively and $a_0(x)$ is a polynomial solution of the convenient Fucsh's equation, is an invariant curve of the quadratic planar differential system. We study the particular case when $a_0(x)$ is an orthogonal polynomials. We prove that that in this case the quadratic differential system is Liouvillian integrable.
Classes of kinetic differential equations are delineated which do have a quadratic first integral, and classes which can not have one. Example reactions corresponding to the obtained kinetic differential equations are shown, and a few figures showing the trajectories of the corresponding systems are also included. Connections to other areas are mentioned and unsolved problems collected. The new results are theoretical, although computational tools are heavily used. Applications from biology and combustion theory will come later.
The classification, up to a center-affinity, of the homogeneous quadratic differential systems defined on $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ that have at least a semisimple nonsingular derivation, is achieved. It is proved that there exist four affine-equivalence classes of such systems, only.
In this paper, monic polynomials orthogonal with deformation of the Freud-type weight function are considered. These polynomials fullfill linear differential equation with some polynomial coefficients in their holonomic form. The aim of this work is explore certain characterizing properties of perturbed Freud type polynomials such as nonlinear recursion relations, finite moments, differential-recurrence and differential relations satisfied by the recurrence coefficients as well as the corresponding semiclassical orthogonal polynomials. We note that the obtained differential equation fulfilled …
The classification, up to a center-affinity, of the homogeneous quadratic differential systems defined on $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ that have at least a semisimple derivation with one-dimensional kernel, is achieved. It is proved that there exist 35 families of affine equivalence classes of such systems.
