An in-depth view of the microscopic dynamics of Ising spin glasses at fixed temperature
Janus Collaboration, F. Belletti, A. Cruz, L. A. Fernandez, A. Gordillo-Guerrero, M. Guidetti, A. Maiorano, F. Mantovani, E. Marinari, V. Martin-Mayor, J. Monfo… 展开作者
Janus Collaboration, F. Belletti, A. Cruz, L. A. Fernandez, A. Gordillo-Guerrero, M. Guidetti, A. Maiorano, F. Mantovani, E. Marinari, V. Martin-Mayor, J. Monforte, A. Muñoz Sudupe, D. Navarro, G. Parisi, S. Perez-Gaviro, J. J. Ruiz-Lorenzo, S. F. Schifano, D. Sciretti, A. Tarancon, R. Tripiccione, D. Yllanes
Using the dedicated computer Janus, we follow the nonequilibrium dynamics of the Ising spin glass in three dimensions for eleven orders of magnitude. The use of integral estimators for the coherence and correlation lengths allows us to study dynamic heterogeneities and the presence of a replicon mode and to obtain safe bounds on the Edwards-Anderson order parameter below the critical temperature. We obtain good agreement with experimental determinations of the temperature-dependent decay exponents for the thermoremanent magnetization. This magnitude is observed to scale with the much harder to measure coherence length, a potentially useful result for experimentalists. The exponents for energy relaxation display a linear dependence on temperature and reasonable extrapolations to the critical point. We conclude examining the time growth of the coherence length, with a comparison of critical and activated dynamics.
We investigate the distributions of the link overlap, P(Q), in 3-dimensional Ising spin glasses. We use clustering methodology to identify a set of pairs of states from different Gibbs states, and calculate its contribution to P(Q). We find that the distribution over this set does not become trivial as the system size increases.
We argue that the chaotic temperature effect predicted in Ising spin glasses should be stronger when one considers continuous (XY, Heisenberg) kind of spins, due to bigger entropic fluctuations. We then discuss the behavior of 3d spin glasses using the Migdal-Kadanoff Renormalization Group for Ising and XY spins, where we show explicitly that the chaotic length scale, the length beyond which equilibrium configurations are completly reshuffled when one changes temperature, could be far smaller for XY than for Ising spins. These results could thus explain why experiments are seeing a stronger re…
The sample-to-sample fluctuations of the free energy in finite-dimensional Ising spin glasses are calculated, using the replica method, from higher order terms in the replica number $n$. It is shown that the Parisi symmetry breaking scheme does not give the correct answers for these higher order terms. A modified symmetry breaking scheme with the same stability is shown to resolve the problem.
We conjecture the existence of a relationship between frustration and the transition point at zero temperature of Ising spin glasses. The relation reveals that, in several Ising spin glass models, the concentration of ferromagnetic bonds is close to the critical concentration at zero temperature when the output of a function about frustration is equal to unity. The function is the derivative of the average number of frustrated plaquettes with respect to the average number of antiferromagnetic bonds. This relation is conjectured in Ising spin glasses with binary couplings on two-dimensional lat…
By combining the scaling relation of Amoruso {\it et al.}, PRL {\bf 97}, 267202 (2006) with standard droplet model assumptions, a value $θ= (\sqrt{6} - 3) / 2$ is obtained. This conjecture is reasonably consistent with the best existing numerical calculations, and may be exact.
We compute and analyze couples of ground states of 3D spin glasses before and after applying a volume perturbation which adds to the Hamiltonian a repulsion from the true ground state. The physical picture based on Replica Symmetry Breaking is in excellent agreement with the observed behavior.
We determine accurate values of ordering temperatures and critical exponents for Ising Spin Glass transitions in dimension 4, using a combination of finite size scaling and non-equilibrium scaling techniques. We find that the exponents $η$ and $z$ vary with the form of the interaction distribution, indicating non-universality at Ising spin glass transitions. These results confirm conclusions drawn from numerical data for dimension 3.
The field-cooled magnetization (FCM) processes of Ising spin glasses under relatively small fields are investigated by experiment on Fe_{0.55}Mn_{0.45}TiO_3 and by numerical simulation on the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson model. Both results are explained in a unified manner by means of the droplet picture. In particular, the cusp-like behavior of the FCM is interpreted as evidence, not for an equilibrium phase transition under a finite magnetic field, but for a dynamical (`blocking') transition frequently observed in glassy systems.
Extensive simulations are made of the spin glass susceptibility and correlation length in five dimension Ising Spin Glasses (ISGs) with Gaussian and bimodal interaction distributions. Once the transition temperature is accurately established using a standard criterion, critical exponents and correction terms can be readily estimated by extrapolating measurements made in the thermodynamic limit regime. The data show that the critical exponents of the susceptibility $γ$ and of the correlation length $ν$ depend on the form of the interaction distribution. This observation implies that quite gener…
Nearest-neighbor-interaction Ising spin glasses are studied on three different hierarchical lattices, all of them belonging to the Wheatstone-Bridge family. It is shown that the spin-glass lower critical dimension in these lattices should be greater than 2.32. Finite-temperature spin-glass phases are found for a lattice of fractal dimension $D \approx 3.58$ (whose unit cell is obtained from a simple construction of a part of the cubic lattice), as well as for a lattice of fractal dimension close to five.
The Griffiths inequalities for Ising spin glasses are proved on the Nishimori line with various bond randomness which includes Gaussian and $\pm J$ bond randomness. The proof for Ising systems with Gaussian bond randomness has already been carried out by Morita et al, which uses not only the gauge theory but also the properties of the Gaussian distribution, so that it cannot be directly applied to the systems with other bond randomness. The present proof essentially uses only the gauge theory, so that it does not depend on the detail properties of the probability distribution of random interac…
We study temperature chaos in a two-dimensional Ising spin glass with random quenched bimodal couplings, by an exact computation of the partition functions on large systems. We study two temperature correlators from the total free energy and from the domain wall free energy: in the second case we detect a chaotic behavior. We determine and discuss the chaos exponent and the fractal dimension of the domain walls.
We study domain wall energies of two dimensional spin glasses. The scaling of these energies depends on the model's distribution of quenched random couplings, falling into three different classes. The first class is associated with the exponent theta =-0.28, the other two classes have theta = 0, as can be justified theoretically. In contrast to previous claims, we find that theta=0 does not indicate d=d_l but rather d <= d_l, where d_l is the lower critical dimension.
At zero temperature, two-dimensional Ising spin glasses are known to fall into several universality classes. Here we consider the scaling at low but non-zero temperature and provide numerical evidence that $η\approx 0$ and $ν\approx 3.5$ in all cases, suggesting a unique universality class. This algebraic (as opposed to exponential) scaling holds in particular for the $\pm J$ model, with or without dilutions and for the plaquette diluted model. Such a picture, associated with an exceptional behavior at T=0, is consistent with a real space renormalization group approach. We also explain how the…
We investigate the ground state structure of the three-dimensional Ising spin glass in zero field by determining how the ground state changes in a fixed finite block far from the boundaries when the boundary conditions are changed. We find that the probability of a change in the block ground state configuration tends to zero as the system size tends to infinity. This indicates a trivial ground state structure, as predicted by the droplet theory. Similar results are also obtained in two dimensions.
We compute and analyze couples of ground states of 3D spin glass systems with the same quenched noise but periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions for different lattice sizes. We discuss the possible different behaviors of the system, we analyze the average link overlap, the probability distribution of window overlaps (among ground states computed with different boundary conditions) and the spatial overlap and link overlap correlation functions. We establish that the picture based on Replica Symmetry Breaking correctly describes the behavior of 3D Spin Glasses.
The non-equilibrium dynamics of the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson spin-glass model with different bond distributions is investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulation. A numerical method is used to determine the critical temperature and the scaling exponents of the correlation and the integrated response functions. The results obtained agree with those calculated in equilibrium simulations and suggest that the universality class does not depend on the exact form of the bond distribution.
We compute the complexity (logarithm of the number of TAP states) associated with minima and index-one saddle points of the TAP free energy. Higher-index saddles have smaller complexities. The two leading complexities are equal, consistent with the Morse theorem on the total number of turning points, and have the value given in [A. J. Bray and M. A. Moore, J. Phys. C 13, L469 (1980)]. In the thermodynamic limit, TAP states of all free energies become marginally stable.
In a section of a recent publication, [J. Yeo and M.A. Moore, Phys. Rev. B 91, 104432 (2015)], the authors discuss some of the arguments in the paper by Parisi and Temesvári [Nuclear Physics B 858, 293 (2012)]. In this comment, it is shown how these arguments are misinterpreted, and the existence of the Almeida-Thouless transition in the upper critical dimension 6 reasserted.
We investigate spin-spin correlation functions in the low temperature phase of spin-glasses. Using the replica field theory formalism, we examine in detail their infrared (long distance) behavior. In particular we identify a longitudinal mode that behaves as massive at intermediate length scales (near-infrared region). These issues are then addressed by numerical simulation; the analysis of our data is compatible with the prediction that the longitudinal mode appears as massive, i.e., that it undergoes an exponential decay, for distances smaller than an appropriate correlation length.
We study universality in three-dimensional Ising spin glasses by large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of the Edwards-Anderson Ising spin glass for several choices of bond distributions, with particular emphasis on Gaussian and bimodal interactions. A finite-size scaling analysis suggests that three-dimensional spin glasses obey universality.
Numerical data on scaling of the normalized Binder cumulant and the normalized correlation length are shown for the Thermodynamic limit regime, first for canonical Ising ferromagnet models and then for a range of Ising spin glass models. A fundamental Renormalization Group Theory rule linking the critical exponents for the two observables is well obeyed in the Ising models, but not for the Ising spin glasses in dimensions three and four. We conclude that there is a violation of a standard Josephson hyperscaling rule in Ising spin glasses.
We study the four-dimensional Ising spin glass with Gaussian and bond-diluted bimodal distributed interactions via large-scale Monte Carlo simulations and show via an extensive finite-size scaling analysis that four-dimensional Ising spin glasses obey universality.
The distribution of solutions of the Thouless-Anderson-Palmer equation is studied by extensive numerical experiments for fully connected 3-body interaction Ising spin glass models in a level of annealed calculation. A recent study predicted that when the equilibrium state of the system is characterized by one-step replica symmetry breaking, the distribution is described by a Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) supersymmetric solution in the relatively low free energy region, whereas the BRST supersymmetry is broken for higher values of free energy (Crisanti et al., Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 094202).…
Among the Renormalization Group Theory scaling rules relating critical exponents, there are hyperscaling rules involving the dimension of the system. It is well known that in Ising models hyperscaling breaks down above the upper critical dimension. It was shown by M. Schwartz [Europhys. Lett. {\bf 15}, 777 (1991)] that the standard Josephson hyperscaling rule can also break down in Ising systems with quenched random interactions. A related Renormalization Group Theory hyperscaling rule links the critical exponents for the normalized Binder cumulant and the correlation length in the thermodynam…
We study link-diluted $\pm J$ Ising spin glass models on the hierarchical lattice and on a three-dimensional lattice close to the percolation threshold. We show that previously computed zero temperature fixed points are unstable with respect to temperature perturbations and do not belong to any critical line in the dilution-temperature plane. We discuss implications of the presence of such spurious unstable fixed points on the use of optimization algorithms, and we show how entropic effects should be taken into account to obtain the right physical behavior and critical points.
We use a non-equilibrium simulation method to study the spin glass transition in three-dimensional Ising spin glasses. The transition point is repeatedly approached at finite velocity $v$ (temperature change versus time) in Monte Carlo simulations starting at a high temperature. The normally problematic critical slowing-down is not hampering this kind of approach, since the system equilibrates quickly at the initial temperature and the slowing-down is merely reflected in the dynamic scaling of the non-equilibrium order parameter with $v$ and the system size. The equilibrium limit does not have…
We study numerically the structure of metastable states in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass. We find that all non-paramagnetic stationary points of the free energy are organized into pairs, consisting in a minimum and a saddle of order one, which coalesce in the thermodynamic limit. Within the annealed approximation, the entropic contribution of these states, that is the complexity, is compatible with the supersymmetry-breaking calculation performed in [A.J. Bray and M.A. Moore, J. Phys. C, 13 L469 (1980)]. This result indicates that the supersymmetry is spontaneously broken in the Sherr…
The multicritical behavior at the Nishimori point of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses is investigated by using numerical transfer-matrix methods to calculate probability distributions $P(C)$ and associated moments of spin-spin correlation functions $C$ on strips. The angular dependence of the shape of correlation function distributions $P(C)$ provides a stringent test of how well they obey predictions of conformal invariance; and an even symmetry of $(1-C) P(C)$ reflects the consequences of the Ising spin-glass gauge (Nishimori) symmetry. We show that conformal invariance is obeyed in its st…
The role of the distribution of coupling constants on the critical exponents of the short-range Ising spin-glass model is investigated via real space renormalization group. A saddle-point spin glass critical point characterized by a fixed-point distribution is found in an appropriated parameter space. The critical exponents $β$ and $ν$ are directly estimated from the data of the local Edwards-Anderson order parameters for the model defined on a diamond hierarchical lattice of fractal dimension $d_{f}=3$. Four distinct initial distributions of coupling constants (Gaussian, bimodal, uniform and …
The behavior of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses at the multicritical point on triangular and honeycomb lattices is investigated, with the help of finite-size scaling and conformal-invariance concepts. We use transfer-matrix methods on long strips to calculate domain-wall energies, uniform susceptibilities, and spin-spin correlation functions. Accurate estimates are provided for the location of the multicritical point on both lattices, which lend strong support to a conjecture recently advanced by Takeda, Sasamoto, and Nishimori. Correlation functions are shown to obey rather strict conforma…
In ref. cond-mat/9811419 Houdayer and Martin analyze the T=0 3d EA spin glass with a magnetic field $B$. By using a new, powerful method, they determine an effective critical field $B_c$ as a function of the lattice size $L$. They use their results to deduce that the model is behaving like in the droplet approach and not like the mean-field theory. We show here, by using some unpublished data, that this very interesting method and numerical results are completely compatible with the behavior implied by the Replica Symmetry Breaking theory.
Using a field-theoretical representation of the Tanaka-Edwards integral we develop a method to systematically compute the number N_s of 1-spin-stable states (local energy minima) of a glassy Ising system with nearest-neighbor interactions and random Gaussian couplings on an arbitrary graph. In particular, we use this method to determine N_s for K-regular random graphs and d-dimensional regular lattices for d=2,3. The method works also for other graphs. Excellent accuracy of the results allows us to observe that the number of local energy minima depends mainly on local properties of the graph o…
We study the effects of small temperature as well as disorder perturbations on the equilibrium state of three-dimensional Ising spin glasses via an alternate scaling ansatz. By using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that temperature and disorder perturbations yield chaotic changes in the equilibrium state and that temperature chaos is considerably harder to observe than disorder chaos.
The recently proposed reduction method is applied to the Edwards-Anderson model on bond-diluted square lattices. This allows, in combination with a graph-theoretical matching algorithm, to calculate numerically exact ground states of large systems. Low-temperature domain-wall excitations are studied to determine the stiffness exponent y_2. A value of y_2=-0.281(3) is found, consistent with previous results obtained on undiluted lattices. This comparison demonstrates the validity of the reduction method for bond-diluted spin systems and provides strong support for similar studies proclaiming ac…
The p-spin spin-glass model has been studied extensively at mean-field level because of the insights which it provides into the mode-coupling approach to structural glasses and the nature of the glass transition. We demonstrate explicitly that the finite dimensional version of the p-spin model is in the same universality class as an Ising spin glass in a magnetic field. Assuming that the droplet picture of Ising spin glasses is valid we discuss how this universality may provide insights into why structural glasses are either "fragile" or "strong".
The critical properties of short-range Ising spin-glass models, defined on a diamond hierarchical lattice of graph fractal dimension $d_{f}=2.58$, 3, and 4, and scaling factor 2 are studied via a method based on the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization-group scheme. The order parameter critical exponent $β$ is directly estimated from the data of the local Edwards- Anderson (EA) order parameter, obtained through an exact recursion procedure. The scaling of the EA order parameter, leading to estimates of the $ν$ exponent of the correlation length is also performed. Four distinct initial distributions…
Local minima also known as inherent structures are expected to play an essential role for the behavior of spin glasses. Here, we propose techniques to efficiently sample these configurations in Monte Carlo simulations. For the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick and the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson model their spectra are determined and compared to analytical results.
We study the annealed complexity of the m-vector spin glasses in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick limit. The eigenvalue spectrum of the Hessian matrix of the Thouless-Anderson-Palmer (TAP) free energy is found to consist of a continuous band of positive eigenvalues in addition to an isolated eigenvalue and (m-1) null eigenvalues due to rotational invariance. Rather surprisingly, the band does not extend to zero at any finite temperature. The isolated eigenvalue becomes zero in the thermodynamic limit, as in the Ising case (m=1), indicating that the same supersymmetry breaking recently found in Isin…
We investigate the performance of the recently proposed stationary Fokker-Planck sampling method considering a combinatorial optimization problem from statistical physics. The algorithmic procedure relies upon the numerical solution of a linear second order differential equation that depends on a diffusion-like parameter D. We apply it to the problem of finding ground states of 2d Ising spin glasses for the +-J-Model. We consider square lattices with side length up to L=24 with two different types of boundary conditions and compare the results to those obtained by exact methods. A particular v…
The scaling of fluctuations in the distribution of ground-state energies or costs with the system size N for Ising spin glasses is considered using an extensive set of simulations with the Extremal Optimization heuristic across a range of different models on sparse and dense graphs. These models exhibit very diverse behaviors, and an asymptotic extrapolation is often complicated by higher-order corrections. The clearest picture, in fact, emerges from the study of graph-bipartitioning, a combinatorial optimization problem closely related to spin glasses. Aside from two-spin interactions with di…
The critical dynamics of Ising spin glasses with Bimodal, Gaussian, and Laplacian interaction distributions are studied numerically in dimensions 3 and 4. The data demonstrate that in both dimensions the critical dynamic exponent $z_{\rm c}$, the non-equilibrium autocorrelation decay exponent $λ_c/z_{\rm c}$, and the critical fluctuation-dissipation ratio $X_{\infty}$ all vary strongly and systematically with the form of the interaction distribution.
We use transfer-matrix and finite-size scaling methods to investigate the location and properties of the multicritical point of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses on square, triangular and honeycomb lattices, with both binary and Gaussian disorder distributions. For square and triangular lattices with binary disorder, the estimated position of the multicritical point is in numerical agreement with recent conjectures regarding its exact location. For the remaining four cases, our results indicate disagreement with the respective versions of the conjecture, though by very small amounts, never ex…
We derive a rigorous dynamical relation on aging phenomena -- the aging relation -- for Ising spin glasses using the method of gauge transformation. The waiting-time dependence of the auto-correlation function in the zero-field-cooling process is equivalent with that in the field-quenching process. There is no aging on the Nishimori line; this reveals arguments for dynamical properties of the Griffiths phase and the mixed phase. The present method can be applied to other gauge-symmetric models such as the XY gauge glass.
The replica method has been used to calculate the interface free energy associated with the change from periodic to anti-periodic boundary conditions in finite-dimensional spin glasses. At mean-field level the interface free energy vanishes but after allowing for fluctuation effects, a non-zero interface free energy is obtained which is significantly different from numerical expectations.
We show that there is no need to modify the Parisi replica symmetry breaking ansatz, by working with $R$ steps of breaking and solving {\it exactly} the discrete stationarity equations generated by the standard ``truncated Hamiltonian" of spin glass theory.
The leading term for the average height of the barriers which could separate pure states in Ising spin glasses is calculated using instanton methods. It is finite in dimensions $d < 6$. Replica symmetry breaking requires that the barriers between pure states are infinite in the thermodynamic limit, as finite barriers allow thermal mixing of pure states. As a consequence, a replica symmetry broken phase cannot survive when $d < 6$. However, for $d > 6$ no similar instanton solution exists.
The recently proposed reduction method for diluted spin glasses is investigated in depth. In particular, the Edwards-Anderson model with \pm J and Gaussian bond disorder on hyper-cubic lattices in d=2, 3, and 4 is studied for a range of bond dilutions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using bond dilution to elucidate low-temperature properties of Ising spin glasses, and provide a starting point to enhance the methods used in reduction. Based on that, a greedy heuristic call ``Dominant Bond Reduction'' is introduced and explored.
Exploiting an approach due to Singh and Fisher I show that in the high dimension limit the ordering temperature of near neighbour Ising Spin Glasses drops linearly with the kurtosis of the interaction distribution, in excellent agreement with accurate high temperature series data of Daboul, Chang and Aharony. At lower dimensions the linear relation no longer applies strictly but the kurtosis can still be taken to be an appropriate parameter for ranking different systems. I also compare the series estimates with simulation and Migdal-Kadanoff estimates where these are available.
We introduce the technique of aspect-ratio scaling to study the scale-dependence of interfacial energies in Ising spin glasses, and we show how one can use it to determine the stiffness exponent $θ$ in a clean way, with results that are independent of the domain-wall-forcing boundary conditions imposed on the system. In space dimension d=2 we obtain $θ= -0.282(3)$ for a Gaussian distribution of exchange interactions.
Large numbers of ground states of 3d EA Ising spin glasses are calculated for sizes up to 10^3 using a combination of a genetic algorithm and Cluster-Exact Approximation. A detailed analysis shows that true ground states are obtained. The ground state stiffness (or domain wall) energy D is calculated. A D ~ L^t behavior with t=0.19(2) is found which strongly indicates that the 3d model has an equilibrium spin-glass-paramagnet transition for non-zero T_c.
The critical behavior of the Binder cumulant for Ising spin glasses in dimension four are studied through simulation measurements. Data for the bimodal interaction model are compared with those for the Laplacian interaction model. Special attention is paid to scaling corrections. The limiting infinite size value at criticality for this dimensionless variable is a parameter characteristic of a universality class. This critical limit is estimated to be equal to $0.523(3)$ in the bimodal model and to $0.473(3)$ in the Laplacian model.
Recently extended precise numerical methods and droplet scaling arguments allow for a coherent picture of the glassy states of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses to be assembled. The length scale at which entropy becomes important and produces "chaos", the extreme sensitivity of the state to temperature, is found to depend on the type of randomness. For the $\pm J$ model this length scale dominates the low-temperature specific heat. Although there is a type of universality, some critical exponents do depend on the distribution of disorder.
We present a numerical study of the order-parameter fluctuations for Ising spin glasses in three and four dimensions at very low temperatures and without an external field. Accurate measurements of two previously introduced parameters, A and G, show that the order parameter is not self-averaging, consistent with a zero-temperature thermal exponent value θ' \simeq 0, and confirm the validity of the relation G=1/3 in the thermodynamic limit in the whole low-temperature phase, as predicted by stochastic stability arguments.
Continuous phase transitions are catalogued into universality classes, families of systems having identical values of all the exponents governing the critical behaviour of their different physical properties. Numerical simulations have been carried out on Ising Spin Glasses in dimension three, using a technique where corrections to finite size scaling can be controled. The data show that the critical exponents vary strongly as a function of the kurtosis of the interaction distribution, a parameter which from the standard point of view should not be pertinent. This observation implies that for …
We present several efficient implementations of the simulated annealing algorithm for Ising spin glasses on sparse graphs. In particular, we provide a generic code for any choice of couplings, an optimized code for bipartite graphs, and highly optimized implementations using multi-spin coding for graphs with small maximum degree and discrete couplings with a finite range. The latter codes achieve up to 50 spin flips per nanosecond on modern Intel CPUs. We also compare the performance of the codes to that of the special purpose D-Wave devices built for solving such Ising spin glass problems.
Ground states of four-dimensional (d=4) EA Ising spin glasses are calculated for sizes up to 7x7x7x7 using a combination of a genetic algorithm and cluster-exact approximation. The ground-state energy of the infinite system is extrapolated as e_0=-2.095(1). The ground-state stiffness (or domain wall) energy D is calculated. A D~L^Θ behavior with Θ=0.65(4) is found which confirms that the d=4 model has an equilibrium spin-glass-paramagnet transition for non-zero T_c.
