14 pages. In the new version a minor error was corrected, see p. 8, reasoning before Section 1.3. The correct smoothness exponent in the averaged square function is 1/2, not N/2 as it was stated in the earlier version
发表信息：
Linear and complex analysis, 179--193, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2, 226, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2009
In this paper we give a simple proof of the fact that the average over all dyadic lattices of the dyadic $H^1$-norm of a function gives an equivalent $H^1$-norm. The proof we present works for both one-parameter and multi-parameter Hardy spaces.
The results of such type are known. The first result (for one-parameter Hardy spces) belongs to Burgess Davis (1980). Also, by duality, such results are equivalent to the "BMO from dyadic BMO" statements proved by Garnett-Jones(1982} for one parameter case, and by Pipher-Ward (2008) for two-parameter case.
While the paper generalizes these results to the multi-parameter setting, this is not its main goal. The purpose of the paper is to present an approach leading to a simple proof, which works in both one-parameter and multi-parameter cases.
The main idea of treating square function as a Calderon--Zygmind operator is a commonplace in harmonic analysis; the main observation, on which the paper is based, is that one can treat the random dyadic square function this way. After that, all is proved by using the standard and well-known results about Calderon--Zygmind operators in the Hilbert-space-valued setting.
As an added bonus, we get a simple proof of the (equivalent by duality) inclusion $\text{BMO}\subset \text{BMO}_d$, $H^1_d \subset H^1$ in the multi-parameter case. Note, that unlike the one-parameter case, the inclusions in the general situation are far from trivial.
Let T be the unite circle on $R^2$. Denote by BMO(T) the classical BMO space and denote by BMO_D(T) the usual dyadic BMO space on T. We prove that, BMO(T) is the intersction of BMO_D(T) and a translate of BMO_D(T).
We characterize dyadic little BMO via the boundedness of the tensor commutator with a single well chosen dyadic shift. It is shown that several proof strategies work for this problem, both in the unweighted case as well as with Bloom weights. Moreover, we address the flexibility of one of our methods.
Ó. Blasco and S. Pott showed that the supremum of operator norms over $L^2$ of all bicommutators (with the same symbol) of one-parameter Haar multipliers dominates the biparameter dyadic product BMO norm of the symbol itself. In the present work we extend this result to the Bloom setting, and to any exponent $1<p<\infty$. The main tool is a new characterization in terms of paraproducts and two-weight John--Nirenberg inequalities for dyadic product BMO in the Bloom setting. We also extend our results to the whole scale of indexed spaces between little bmo and product BMO in the general multipar…
This article is devoted to a study of the Hardy space $H^{\log} (\mathbb{R}^d)$ introduced by Bonami, Grellier, and Ky. We present an alternative approach to their result relating the product of a function in the real Hardy space $H^1$ and a function in $BMO$ to distributions that belong to $H^{\log}$ based on dyadic paraproducts. We also point out analogues of classical results of Hardy-Littlewood, Zygmund, and Stein for $H^{\log}$ and related Musielak-Orlicz spaces.
We introduce the space of dyadic bounded mean oscillation functions $f$ defined on $[0,1]^n$ and study the behavior of the nonincreasing rearrangement of $f$, as an element of the space $BMO((0,1])$. We also study the analogous class of functions that satisfy the dyadic Gurov-Reshetnyak condition and look upon their integrability properties.
The usual one third trick allows to reduce problems involving general cubes to a countable family. Moreover, this covering lemma uses only dyadic cubes, which allows to use nice martingale properties in harmonic analysis problems. We consider alternatives to this technique in spaces equipped with nonhomogeneous measures. This entails additional difficulties which forces us to consider martingale filtrations that are not regular. The dyadic covering that we find can be used to clarify the relationship between martingale BMO spaces and the most natural BMO space in this setting, which is the spa…
Let $\bfT$ is a certain tensor product of simple dyadic shifts defined below. We prove here that for dyadic bi-parameter commutator the following equivalence holds $ \|\bfT b-b \bfT \| \asymp \|b\|_{bmo^d}$. This result is well-known for many types of bi-parameter commutators, see \cite{FS}, \cite{DLWY} and \cite{DPSK} for more details.
A Bellman function approach to Fefferman's $H^1-BMO$ duality theorem is presented. One Bellman-type argument is used to handle two different one-dimensional cases, dyadic and continuous. An explicit estimate for the constant of embedding $BMO\subset (H^1)^*$ is given in the dyadic case. The same Bellman function is then used to establish a multi-dimensional analog.
We develop technical tools that enable the use of Bellman functions for BMO defined on $α$-trees, which are structures that generalize dyadic lattices. As applications, we prove the integral John--Nirenberg inequality and an inequality relating $L^1$- and $L^2$-oscillations for BMO on $α$-trees, with explicit constants. When the tree in question is the collection of all dyadic cubes in $\mathbb{R}^n,$ the inequalities proved are sharp. We also reformulate the John--Nirenberg inequality for the continuous BMO in terms of special martingales generated by BMO functions. The tools presented can be…
We prove that the class of Muckenhoupt A_p weights coincides with the intersection of finitely many suitable translates of dyadic A_p, in both the one-parameter and multiparameter cases, and that the analogous results hold for the reverse Hölder class RH_p, for doubling measures, and for the space VMO of functions of vanishing mean oscillation. We extend to the multiparameter (product) space BMO of functions of bounded mean oscillation the corresponding one-parameter BMO result due to T. Mei, by means of the Carleson-measure characterization of multiparameter BMO. Our results hold in both the …
We obtain the explicit upper Bellman function for the natural dyadic maximal operator acting from ${\rm BMO}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ into ${\rm BLO}(\mathbb{R}^n).$ As a consequence, we show that the ${\rm BMO}\to{\rm BLO}$ norm of the natural operator equals 1 for all $n,$ and so does the norm of the classical dyadic maximal operator. The main result is a partial corollary of a theorem for the so-called $α$-trees, which generalize dyadic lattices. The Bellman function in this setting exhibits an interesting quasi-periodic structure depending on $α,$ but also allows a majorant independent of $α,$ hence…
We describe the spaces $H^1(R)$ and BMO$(R)$ in terms of their closely related, simpler dyadic and two-sided counterparts. As a result of these characterizations we establish when a bounded linear operator defined on dyadic or two-sided $H^1(R)$ into a Banach space has a continuous extension to $H^1(R)$ and when a bounded linear operator that maps a Banach space into dyadic or two-sided BMO$(R)$ actually maps continuously into BMO$(R)$.
Consider a tensor product of simple dyadic shifts defined below. We prove here that for dyadic bi-parameter repeated commutator its norm can be estimated from below by Chang-Fefferman $BMO$ norm pertinent to its symbol. See Theorems in Section 8 at the end of this article. But this is done below under an extra assumption on the Haar--Fourier side of the symbol. In Section 7 we carefully analyze what goes wrong in the absence of this extra assumption. At the end of this note we also list a counterexample to the existing proof of characterization of bi-parameter repeated commutator with the Hilb…
We study boundedness properties of a class of multiparameter paraproducts on the dual space of the dyadic Hardy space H_d^1(T^N), the dyadic product BMO space BMO_d(T^N). For this, we introduce a notion of logarithmic mean oscillation on the polydisc. We also obtain a result on the boundedness of iterated commutators on BMO([0,1]^2).
We show that the product BMO space can be characterized by iterated commutators of a large class of Calderón-Zygmund operators. This result follows from a new proof of boundedness of iterated commutators in terms of the BMO norm of their symbol functions, using Hytönen's representation theorem of Calderón-Zygmund operators as averages of dyadic shifts. The proof introduces some new paraproducts which have BMO estimates.
In this paper, we show that dyadic paraproducts $π_b$ with $b$ in dyadic BMO are bounded on matrix weighted $L^p(W)$ if $W$ is a matrix $\text{A}_p$ weight.
We study the question of how much one can weaken the defining condition of BMO. Specifically, we show that if $Q$ is a cube in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and $h:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)$ is such that $h(t)\underset{t\to\infty}{\longrightarrow}\infty,$ then $$ \sup_{J \text{subcube} Q} \frac1{|J|}\int_J h(|φ-\frac1{|J|} \int_Jφ|)<\infty \Longrightarrow φ\in BMO(Q). $$ Under some additional assumptions on $h$ we obtain estimates on $\|φ\|_{BMO}$ in terms of the supremum above. We also show that even though the condition $h(t)\underset{t\to\infty}{\longrightarrow}\infty$ is not necessary for this implication …
In this note we prove Scurry's testing conditions for the boundedness of a sequence-valued averaging positive dyadic operator from a weighted Lp space to a sequence-valued weighted Lp space by using parallel stopping cubes.
We provide a new geometric proof of Reimann's theorem characterizing quasiconformal mappings as the ones preserving functions of bounded mean oscillation. While our proof is new already in the Euclidean spaces, it is applicable in Heisenberg groups as well as in more general stratified nilpotent Carnot groups.
We give a simple proof of L^p boundedness of iterated commutators of Riesz transforms and a product BMO function. We use a representation of the Riesz transforms by means of simple dyadic operators - dyadic shifts - which in turn reduces the estimate quickly to paraproduct estimates.
We give an alternative proof of a sharp generalization of an integral inequality for the dyadic maximal operator due to which the evaluation of the Bellman function of this operator with respect to two variables, is possible. This last mentioned inequality, which was first noticed in [3],also generalizes in a certain direction the results of [7].
This exposition presents a self-contained proof of the $A_2$ theorem, the quantitatively sharp norm inequality for singular integral operators in the weighted space $L^2(w)$. The strategy of the proof is a streamlined version of the author's original one, based on a probabilistic Dyadic Representation Theorem for singular integral operators. While more recent non-probabilistic approaches are also available now, the probabilistic method provides additional structural information, which has independent interest and other applications. The presentation emphasizes connections to the David-Journé $…
We prove $L^p$ bounds in the range $1<p<\infty$ for a maximal dyadic sum operator on $\rn$. This maximal operator provides a discrete multidimensional model of Carleson's operator. Its boundedness is obtained by a simple twist of the proof of Carleson's theorem given by Lacey and Thiele, adapted in higher dimensions by Pramanik and Terwilleger. In dimension one, the $\lp$ boundedness of this maximal dyadic sum implies in particular an alternative proof of Hunt's extension of Carleson's theorem on almost everywhere convergence of Fourier integrals.
We give a new proof of a well-known result of Koch and Tataru on the well-posedness of Navier-Stokes equations in $\R^n$ with small initial data in $BMO^{-1}(\R^n)$. The proof is formulated operator theoretically and does not make use of self-adjointness of the Laplacian.
We give a self-contained proof of the $A_2$ conjecture, which claims that the norm of any Calderon-Zygmund operator is bounded by the first degree of the $A_2$ norm of the weight. The original proof of this result by the first author relied on a subtle and rather difficult reduction to a testing condition by the last three authors. Here we replace this reduction by a new weighted norm bound for dyadic shifts - linear in the $A_2$ norm of the weight and quadratic in the complexity of the shift -, which is based on a new quantitative two-weight inequality for the shifts. These sharp one- and two…
We introduce another notion of bounded logarithmic mean oscillation in the N-torus and give an equivalent definition in terms of boundedness of multi-parameter paraproducts from the dyadic little BMO of Cotlar-Sadosky to the product BMO of Chang-Fefferman. We also obtain a sufficient condition for the boundedness of iterated commutators with Hilbert transforms betweeen the strong notions of these two spaces.
Recently three proofs of the $A_2$-conjecture were obtained. All of them are "glued" to euclidian space and a special choice of one random dyadic lattice. We build a random "dyadic" lattice in any doubling metric space which have properties that are enough to prove the $A_2$-conjecture in these spaces.
Lacey and Thiele have recently obtained a new proof of Carleson's theorem on almost everywhere convergence of Fourier series. This paper is a generalization of their techniques (known broadly as time-frequency analysis) to higher dimensions. In particular, a weak-type (2,2) estimate is derived for a maximal dyadic sum operator on R^n, n > 1. As an application one obtains a new proof of Sjölin's theorem on weak L^2 estimates for the maximal conjugated Calderón-Zygmund operator on R^n.
We give a simple proof of the Sawyer type characterization of the two weigh estimate for positive dyadic operators (also known as the bilinear embedding theorem).
We study the basis property of systems of exponentials with frequencies belonging to 'simple quasicrystals'. We show that a diophantine condition is necessary and sufficient for such a system to be a Riesz basis in L^2 on a finite union of intervals. For the proof we extend to BMO a theorem of Kesten about the discrepancy of irrational rotations of the circle.
We give a proof of the $A_2$ conjecture in geometrically doubling metric spaces (GDMS), i.e. a metric space where one can fit not more than a fixed amount of disjoint balls of radius $r$ in a ball of radius $2r$. Our proof consists of three main parts: a construction of a random "dyadic" lattice in a metric space; a clever averaging trick from [3], which decomposes a "hard" part of a Calderon-Zygmund operator into dyadic shifts (adjusted to metric setting); and the estimates for these dyadic shifts, made in [16] and later in [19].
We give a leisurely proof of a result of Ferguson--Lacey (math.CA/0104144) and Lacey--Terwelleger (math.CA/0601192) on a Nehari theorem for "little" Hankel operators on a polydisk. If H_b is a little Hankel operator with symbol b on product Hardy space we have || H_b || \simeq || b ||_{BMO} where BMO is the product BMO space identified by Chang and Fefferman. This article begins with the classical Nehari theorem, and presents the necessary background for the proof of the extension above. The proof of the extension is an induction on parameters, with a bootstrapping argument. Some of the more t…
We prove continuity and surjectivity of the trace map onto $L_p$, from a space of functions of locally bounded variation, defined by the Carleson functional. The extension map is constructed through a stopping time argument. This extends earlier work by Varopoulos in the BMO case, related to the Corona theorem. We also prove $L_p$ Carleson approximability results for solutions to elliptic non-smooth divergence form equations, which generalize results in the case $p=\infty$ by Hofmann, Kenig, Mayboroda and Pipher.
Utilising some recent ideas from our bilinear bi-parameter theory, we give an efficient proof of a two-weight Bloom type inequality for iterated commutators of linear bi-parameter singular integrals. We prove that if $T$ is a bi-parameter singular integral satisfying the assumptions of the bi-parameter representation theorem, then $$ \| [b_k,\cdots[b_2, [b_1, T]]\cdots]\|_{L^p(μ) \to L^p(λ)} \lesssim_{[μ]_{A_p}, [λ]_{A_p}} \prod_{i=1}^k\|b_i\|_{\operatorname{bmo}(ν^{θ_i})} , $$ where $p \in (1,\infty)$, $θ_i \in [0,1]$, $\sum_{i=1}^kθ_i=1$, $μ, λ\in A_p$, $ν:= μ^{1/p}λ^{-1/p}$. Here $A_p$ stan…
We give again a proof of non-homogeneous T1 theorem. Our proof consists of three main parts: a construction of a random dyadic lattice; an estimate of matrix coefficients of a Calderón--Zygmund operator with respect to random Haar basis if a smaller Haar support is good; a clever averaging trick from Hytönen's papers which uses the averaging over dyadic lattices to decompose operator into dyadic shifts eliminating the error term that was present in the previous proofs by Nazarov--Treil--Volberg.
Using the Calderón-Zygmund decomposition, we give a novel and simple proof that $L^2$ bounded dyadic shifts admit a domination by positive sparse forms with linear growth in the complexity of the shift. Our estimate, coupled with Hytönen's dyadic representation theorem, upgrades to a positive sparse domination of the class $\mathcal U$ of singular integrals satisfying the assumptions of the classical $T(1)$-theorem of David and Journé, with logarithmic-Dini type smoothness of the integral kernel. Furthermore, our proof extends rather easily to the $\mathbb R^n$-valued case, yielding as a corol…
This paper presents a new proof of the results regarding the continuity of weighted estimates with respect to the characteristic of the weight. Here we first prove the result in the dyadic case which is "easier" and then by the use of the Bellman function technique we pass to the continuous setting which is harder in general. To be more precise, as far as we know, this passage from the Martingale transform to the Hilbert transform described in this note is new.
We give new and elementary proofs of one weight norm inequalities for fractional integral operators and commutators. Our proofs are based on the machinery of dyadic grids and sparse operators used in the proof of the A2 conjecture.
Using Wilson's Haar basis in $\R^n$, which is different than the usual tensor product Haar functions, we define its associated dyadic paraproduct in $\R^n$. We can then extend "trivially" Beznosova's Bellman function proof of the linear bound in $L^2(w)$ with respect to $[w]_{A_2}$ for the 1-dimensional dyadic paraproduct. Here trivial means that each piece of the argument that had a Bellman function proof has an $n$-dimensional counterpart that holds with the same Bellman function. The lemma that allows for this painless extension we call the good Bellman function Lemma. Furthermore the argum…
We represent a general bilinear Calderón-Zygmund operator as a sum of simple dyadic operators. The appearing dyadic operators also admit a simple proof of a sparse bound. In particular, the representation implies a so called sparse T1 theorem for bilinear singular integrals.
We give a new proof of the sharp weighted $L^2$ inequality ||T||_{L^2(w)} \leq c [w]_{A_2} where $T$ is the Hilbert transform, a Riesz transform, the Beurling-Ahlfors operator or any operator that can be approximated by Haar shift operators. Our proof avoids the Bellman function technique and two weight norm inequalities. We use instead a recent result due to A. Lerner to estimate the oscillation of dyadic operators.
A simple shortcut to proving sharp weighted estimates for the Martingale Transform and for the dyadic shift of order 1 (and so for the Hilbert transform) is presented. It is a unified proof for these both transforms. Key words: Calder\on--Zygmund operators, $A_2$ weights, $A_1$ weights, Carleson embedding theorem, Bellman function, dyadic shifts, nonhomogeneous Harmonic Analysis.
Evaluation of the Bellman functions is a difficult task. The exact Bellman functions of the dyadic Carleson Embedding Theorem 1.1 and the dyadic maximal operators are obtained in [3] and [4]. Actually, the same Bellman functions also work for the tree-like structure. In this paper, we give a self-complete proof of the coincidence of the Bellman functions on the more general infinitely refining filtered probability space, see Definition 1.3. The proof depends on a remodeling of the Bellman function of the dyadic Carleson Embedding Theorem.
We give a short and simple polynomial estimate of the norm of weighted dyadic shift on metric space with geometric doubling, which is linear in the norm of the weight. Combined with the existence of special probability space of dyadic lattices built in A. Reznikov, A. Volberg, "Random "dyadic" lattice in geometrically doubling metric space and $A_2$ conjecture", arXiv:1103.5246, and with decomposition of Calderón-Zygmund operators to dyadic shifts from Hytönen's "The sharp weighted bound for general Calderón-Zygmund operators", arXiv:1007.4330 (and later T. Hytönen, C. Pérez, S. Treil, A. Volb…
We give a new proof of the sharp one weight $L^p$ inequality for any operator $T$ that can be approximated by Haar shift operators such as the Hilbert transform, any Riesz transform, the Beurling-Ahlfors operator. Our proof avoids the Bellman function technique and two weight norm inequalities. We use instead a recent result due to A. Lerner to estimate the oscillation of dyadic operators. Our method is flexible enough to prove the corresponding sharp one-weight norm inequalities for some operators of harmonic analysis: the maximal singular integrals associated to $T$, Dyadic square functions …
