Survey on Affine Spheres

A characterisation of the Calabi product of hyperbolic affine spheres

There exists a well known construction which allows to associate with two hyperbolic affine spheres $f_i: M_i^{n_i} \to \mathbb R^{n_i+1}$ a new hyperbolic affine sphere immersion of $I \times M_1 \times M_2$ into $\mathbb R^{n_1+n_2+3}$. In this paper we deal with the inverse problem: how to determine from properties of the difference tensor whether a given hyperbolic affine sphere immersion of a manifold $M^n \to \mathbb R^{n+1}$ can be decomposed in such a way.

A Geometric Representation of Improper Indefinite Affine Spheres with Singularities

Given a pair of planar curves, one can define its generalized area distance, a concept that generalizes the area distance of a single curve. In this paper, we show that the generalized area distance of a pair of planar curves is an improper indefinite affine spheres with singularities, and, reciprocally, every indefinite improper affine sphere in $\R^3$ is the generalized distance of a pair of planar curves. Considering this representation, the singularity set of the improper affine sphere corresponds to the area evolute of the pair of curves, and this fact allows us to describe a clear geomet…

非紧岩泽分解与平移等变双曲仿射球面

Noncompact Iwasawa factorization and translationally equivariant hyperbolic affine spheres

研究复平面上与仿射球相关的德劳内型势的非紧岩泽分解，利用DPW方法通过归结为与齐次方程相关的线性系统，用魏尔斯特拉斯椭圆函数给出分解描述，进而构造并分类平移等变双曲仿射球面。

The associated families of semi-homogeneous complete hyperbolic affine spheres

Hildebrand classified all semi-homogeneous cones in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and computed their corresponding complete hyperbolic affine spheres. We compute isothermal parametrizations for Hildebrand's new examples. After giving their affine metrics and affine cubic forms, we construct the whole associated family for each of Hildebrand's examples. The generic member of these affine spheres is given by Weierstrass $\mathscr{P}, ~ζ~\text{and} ~σ$ functions. In general any regular convex cone in $\mathbb{R}^3$ has a natural associated $S^1$-family of such cones, which deserve further studies.

Improper affine spheres and the Hessian one equation

Improper affine spheres have played an important role in the development of geometric methods for the study of the Hessian one equation. Here, we review most of the advances we have made in this direction during the last twenty years.

Dressing Actions on Proper Definite Affine Spheres

We will first clarify the loop group formulations for both hyperbolic and elliptic definite affine spheres in R^3. Then we classify the rational elements with 3 poles or 6 poles in a real twisted loop group, and compute dressing actions of them on such surfaces. Some new examples with pictures will be produced at last.

Functions dividing their Hessian determinants and affine spheres

The nonzero level sets of a homogeneous, logarithmically homogeneous, or translationally homogeneous function are affine spheres if and only if the Hessian determinant of the function is a multiple of a power or an exponential of the function. In particular, the nonzero level sets of a homogeneous polynomial are proper affine spheres if some power of it equals a nonzero multiple of its Hessian determinant. The relative invariants of real forms of regular irreducible prehomogeneous vector spaces yield many such polynomials which are moreover irreducible. For example, the nonzero level sets of t…

Singularities of improper affine spheres and surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature

We study the equation for improper (parabolic) affine spheres from the view point of contact geometry and provide the generic classification of singularities appearing in geometric solutions to the equation as well as their duals. We also show the results for surfaces of constant Gaussian curvatureand for developable surfaces. In particular we confirm that generic singularities appearing in such a surface are just cuspidal edges and swallowtails.

离散非正常不定仿射球面的奇点

Singularities of Discrete Improper Indefinite Affine Spheres

本文研究基于渐近网的离散非正常仿射球面，区分了其中的奇异边与奇异顶点并给出对应奇点类型，为离散网奇点分类提供初步进展，同时证明了直纹离散非正常仿射球面的若干与光滑情形类似的刻画。

Affine deformations of a three-holed sphere

Associated to every complete affine 3-manifold M with nonsolvable fundamental group is a noncompact hyperbolic surface S. We classify such complete affine structures when Sigma is homeomorphic to a three-holed sphere. In particular, for every such complete hyperbolic surface Sigma, the deformation space identifies with two opposite octants in R^3. Furthermore every M admits a fundamental polyhedron bounded by crooked planes. Therefore M is homeomorphic to an open solid handlebody of genus two. As an explicit application of this theory, we construct proper affine deformations of an arithmetic F…

具有低总曲率奇异的完备非固有仿射球及新例子的分类

The classification of complete improper affine spheres with singularities of low total curvature and new examples

本文研究了幺模仿射三维空间中带奇异性的完备非固有仿射球，给出了总曲率大于等于$-6π$及$-8π$情形的分类，并提供了亏格0和1的新例子及嵌入端的渐近行为分析。

Left-symmetric algebras and homogeneous improper affine spheres

The nonzero level sets in $n$-dimensional flat affine space of a translationally homogeneous function are improper affine spheres if and only if the Hessian determinant of the function is equal to a nonzero constant multiple of the $n$th power of the function. The exponentials of the characteristic polynomials of certain left-symmetric algebras yield examples of such functions whose level sets are analogues of the generalized Cayley hypersurface of Eastwood-Ezhov. There are found purely algebraic conditions sufficient for the characteristic polynomial of the left-symmetric algebra to have the …

Einstein connections with skew-torsion on Berger spheres

The invariant metric affine connections on Berger spheres which are Einstein with skew torsion are determined in both Riemannian and Lorentzian signature. Expressions of such connections are explicitly given. In particular, every Berger sphere with Lorentzian signature admits invariant metric affine connections Einstein with skew-torsion up to $\mathbb{S}^3$. For Riemannian signature, the existence of such connections strongly depends on the dimension of the sphere and on the scale of the deformation used for the Berger metric. In particular, there are Riemaniann Berger spheres, not Einstein, …

Invariant affine connections on odd-dimensional spheres

A Riemann-Cartan manifold is a Riemannian manifold endowed with an affine connection which is compatible with the metric tensor. This affine connection is not necessarily torsion free. Under the assumption that the manifold is a homogeneous space, the notion of homogeneous Riemann-Cartan space is introduced in a natural way. For the case of the odd dimensional spheres $\mathbb{S}^{2n+1}$ viewed as homogeneous spaces of the special unitary groups, the classical Nomizu's Theorem on invariant connections has permitted to obtain an algebraical description of all the connections which turn the sphe…

An affine sphere equation associated to Einstein toric surfaces

As seen in the works of Calabi, Cheng-Yau and Loftin, affine sphere equations have a close relationship with Kaehler-Einstein metrics. The main purpose of this note is to show that an equation analogous to those of hyperbolic affine spheres arises naturally from Kaehler-Einstein metrics on Einstein toric surfaces. The case for the remaining toric surfaces with Kaehler-Ricci solitons will also be discussed.

Value distribution of the Gauss map of improper affine spheres

We give the best possible upper bound for the number of exceptional values of the Lagrangian Gauss map of complete improper affine fronts in the affine three-space. We also obtain the sharp estimate for weakly complete case. As an application of this result, we provide a new and simple proof of the parametric affine Bernstein problem for improper affine spheres. Moreover we get the same estimate for the ratio of canonical forms of weakly complete flat fronts in hyperbolic three-space.

Stretching three-holed spheres and the Margulis invariant

This paper applies the authors' forthcoming work, "Affine deformations of a three-holed sphere" in Lorentzian geometry to prove a result in hyperbolic geometry. Namely, an infinitesimal deformation of a hyperbolic structure of a three-holed sphere which infinitesimally lengthens the three boundary components infinitesimally lengthens every closed geodesic. The proof interprets the derivative of the geodesic length function as the Margulis invariant (signed marked Lorentzian length spectrum) of the corresponding affine deformation. The aforementioned results imply that the affine deformation is…

Realisation of special Kaehler manifolds as parabolic spheres

We prove that any simply connected special Kaehler manifold admits a canonical immersion as a parabolic affine hypersphere. As an application, we associate a parabolic affine hypersphere to any nondegenerate holomorphic function. Also we show that a classical result of Calabi and Pogorelov on parabolic spheres implies Lu's theorem on complete special Kaehler manifolds with a positive definite metric.

Singular Improper Affine Spheres from a given Lagrangian Submanifold

Given a Lagrangian submanifold $L$ of the affine symplectic $2n$-space, one can canonically and uniquely define a center-chord and a special improper affine sphere of dimension $2n$, both of whose sets of singularities contain $L$. Although these improper affine spheres (IAS) always present other singularities away from $L$ (the off-shell singularities studied in our previous paper), they may also present singularities other than $L$ which are arbitrarily close to $L$, the so called singularities "on shell". These on-shell singularities possess a hidden $\mathbb Z_2$ symmetry that is absent fr…

Self-associated three-dimensional cones

For every proper convex cone $K \subset \mathbb R^3$ there exists a unique complete hyperbolic affine 2-sphere with mean curvature $-1$ which is asymptotic to the boundary of the cone. Two cones are associated if the corresponding affine spheres can be mapped to each other by an orientation-preserving isometry. This equivalence relation is generated by the groups $SL(3,\mathbb R)$ and $S^1$, where the former acts by linear transformations of the ambient space, and the latter by multiplication of the cubic holomorphic differential of the affine sphere by unimodular complex constants. The action…

Strominger--Yau--Zaslow geometry, Affine Spheres and Painlevé III

We give a gauge invariant characterisation of the elliptic affine sphere equation and the closely related Tzitzéica equation as reductions of real forms of $SL(3, \C)$ anti--self--dual Yang--Mills equations by two translations, or equivalently as a special case of the Hitchin equation. We use the Loftin--Yau--Zaslow construction to give an explicit expression for a six--real dimensional semi--flat Calabi--Yau metric in terms of a solution to the affine-sphere equation and show how a subclass of such metrics arises from 3rd Painlevé transcendents.

Even Dimensional Improper Affine Spheres

There are exactly two different types of bi-dimensional improper affine spheres: the non-convex ones can be modeled by the center-chord transform of a pair of planar curves while the convex ones can be modeled by a holomorphic map. In this paper, we show that both constructions can be generalized to arbitrary even dimensions: the former class corresponds to the center-chord transform of a pair of Lagrangian submanifolds while the latter is related to special Kähler manifolds. Furthermore, we show that the improper affine spheres obtained in this way are solutions of certain exterior differenti…

Integral affine structures on spheres and torus fibrations of Calabi-Yau toric hypersurfaces II

This paper is a continuation of our paper math.AG/0205321 where we have built a combinatorial model for the torus fibrations of Calabi-Yau toric hypersurfaces. This part addresses the connection between the model torus fibration and the complex and Kähler geometry of the hypersurfaces.

K3曲面上的特殊拉格朗日子流形与圆塌缩

Special Lagrangian submanifolds and circle collapse on K3

研究K3曲面塌缩到三维仿射基时，仿射线提升为退化特殊拉格朗日球面和环面的序列，并构造连接Taub-NUT气泡对的特殊拉格朗日球面。

Affine Manifolds, SYZ Geometry, and the "Y" Vertex

We study the real Monge-Ampère equation in two and three dimensions, both from the point of view of the SYZ conjecture, where solutions give rise to semi-flat Calabi-Yau's and in affine differential geometry, where solutions yield parabolic affine sphere hypersurfaces. We find explicit examples, connect the holomorphic function representation to Hitchin's description of special Lagrangian moduli space, and construct the developing map explicitly for a singularity corresponding to the type $I_n$ elliptic fiber (after hyper-Kähler rotation). Following Baues and Cortés, we show that various types…

仿射加法群中的次黎曼测地线

Sub-Riemannian geodesics in the affine-additive group

本文利用庞特里亚金最大值原理推导仿射加法群的次黎曼测地线，计算割时间，并构造Carnot-Carathéodory球面及烧瓶曲面，后者为海森堡群中Pansu球面的类似物。

基于圈群的球面中Willmore曲面：一篇综述

Willmore surfaces in spheres via loop groups: a survey

本文是一篇综述，总结了作者团队利用DPW方法研究球面中Willmore曲面的整体与局部性质的系列工作，涵盖方法框架、多类应用及调和映射相关新结果。

A short survey on $δ$-ideal CR submanifolds

This paper surveys some of the known results on $δ$-ideal CR submanifolds in complex space forms, the nearly Kähler $6$-sphere and odd dimensional unit spheres. In addition, the relationship between $δ$-ideal CR submanifolds and critical points of the $λ$-bienergy is mentioned. Some topics on variational problem for the $λ$-bienergy are also presented.

球面上的$L_p$-浮动面积、曲率熵与等周不等式

The $L_p$-floating area, curvature entropy, and isoperimetric inequalities on the sphere

该研究将欧氏几何中的$L_p$-仿射表面积等概念推广到球面空间，引入球面凸体的$L_p$-浮动面积与曲率熵，证明相关等周不等式、对偶公式与单调性，并推广到非负常曲率空间形式。

具有最小赤道的球体

Spheres with minimal equators

研究球体上使所有赤道成为最小超曲面的黎曼度量分类及相关几何问题。

The Spherical Convex Floating Body

For a convex body on the Euclidean unit sphere the spherical convex floating body is introduced. The asymptotic behavior of the volume difference of a spherical convex body and its spherical floating body is investigated. This gives rise to a new spherical area measure, the floating area. Remarkably, this floating area turns out to be a spherical analogue to the classical affine surface area from affine differential geometry. Several properties of the floating area are established.

复仿射球面与 SL(3,C) 的 Bers 定理

Complex affine spheres and a Bers theorem for SL(3,C)

本文利用复仿射球面、bi-Higgs 丛及复椭圆 PDE，构造 Hitchin 表示对上的等变全纯映射，将 Bers 同时单值化推广到 SL(3,C) 特征标簇。

Properties of biharmonic submanifolds in spheres

In the present paper we survey the most recent classification results for proper biharmonic submanifolds in unit Euclidean spheres. We also obtain some new results concerning geometric properties of proper biharmonic constant mean curvature submanifolds in spheres.

Cubic Differentials in the Differential Geometry of Surfaces

We discuss the local differential geometry of convex affine spheres in $\re^3$ and of minimal Lagrangian surfaces in Hermitian symmetric spaces. In each case, there is a natural metric and cubic differential holomorphic with respect to the induced conformal structure: these data come from the Blaschke metric and Pick form for the affine spheres and from the induced metric and second fundamental form for the minimal Lagrangian surfaces. The local geometry, at least for main cases of interest, induces a natural frame whose structure equations arise from the affine Toda system for $\mathfrak a^{(…

A Schwarz lemma for Kähler affine metrics and the canonical potential of a proper convex cone

This is an account of some aspects of the geometry of Kähler affine metrics based on considering them as smooth metric measure spaces and applying the comparison geometry of Bakry-Emery Ricci tensors. Such techniques yield a version for Kähler affine metrics of Yau's Schwarz lemma for volume forms. By a theorem of Cheng and Yau there is a canonical Kähler affine Einstein metric on a proper convex domain, and the Schwarz lemma gives a direct proof of its uniqueness up to homothety. The potential for this metric is a function canonically associated to the cone, characterized by the property that…

Notes on Chern's Affine Bernstein Conjecture

There were two famous conjectures on complete affine maximal surfaces, one due to E. Calabi, the other to S.S. Chern. Both were solved with different methods about one decade ago by studying the associated Euler-Lagrange equation. Here we survey two proofs of Chern's conjecture in our recent monograph [L-X-S-J], in particular we add some details of the proofs of auxiliary material that were omitted in [L-X-S-J]. We describe the related background in our Introduction. Our survey is suitable as a report about recent developments and techniques in the study of certain Monge-Ampere equations.

Hessian metrics with distribution coefficients on a 2-sphere

Let $Δ$ be a 2-sphere endowed with an affine structure away from a finite set of points $P \subset Δ$, and assume that the monodromy of the associated connection $\nabla$ on $Δ\setminus P$ around any point from $P$ is unipotent. I show that there exists a pseudo-metric tensor with distribution coefficients on $Δ$ that is non-degenerate on $Δ\setminus P$ and that locally is of the form $\nabla d f$ for some convex function $f$. In particular, if $X_\infty$ is the canonical nearby fibre of a Type III degeneration of K3 surfaces in Kulikov form, $Δ_X \cong S^2$ is the dual intersection complex of…

仿射 Anosov 表示

Affine Anosov representations

本文是一篇综述，探讨了在仿射设置下 Anosov 表示的可能推广及其推论。