Light-like Wilson Loops and Cusp Anomalous Dimensions in Non-conformal Gauge Theories
Leopoldo A. Pando Zayas, Daniel J. Phalen, Cesar A. Terrero-Escalante
备注：
12 pages, 5 figures. Extended version of the talk given in Ten Years of AdS/CFT: A Workshop Celebrating the Tenth Anniversary of the Maldacena Conjecture, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 19-21 Dec 2007
We emphasize that non-conformal theories provide a natural playground for the ideas of the Maldacena conjecture, opening the possibility of exploring properties that could potentially be in the same universality class as QCD. In particular, we discuss in detail how light-like Wilson loops, an important ingredient in the prescription for scattering amplitudes, can be described in a number of gravity duals of non-conformal gauge theories. We point out to a few universal properties and the prominent role of the strong scale.
By applying the conformal SO(2,4) transformations to the elementary one-cusp Wilson loop surface we construct various two-cusp and four-cusp Wilson loop surface configurations in AdS_5 and demonstrate that they solve the string equations of the Nambu-Goto string action. The conformal boosts of the basic four-cusp Wilson loop surface with a square-form projection generate various four-cusp Wilson loop surfaces with projections of the rescaled square, the rhombus and the trapezium, on which surfaces the classical Euclidean Nambu-Goto string actions in the IR dimensional regularization are evalua…
Compact expressions in terms of the Q-functions of the Quantum Spectral Curve are given for 3-cusped fundamental Wilson loops in the ladders limit of $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills with additional scalars inserted at a cusp between uncoupled arcs. This gives some further credence to the already natural and evidenced view that the Quantum Spectral Curve in fact pertains to a wide class of observables beyond the spectrum, as well as providing additional nonperturbative ladders limit results.
We study the cusped Wilson line operators and Bremsstrahlung functions associated to particles transforming in the rank-$k$ symmetric representation of the gauge group $U(N)$ for ${\cal N} = 4$ super Yang-Mills. We find the holographic D3-brane description for Wilson loops with internal cusps in two different limits: small cusp angle and $k\sqrtλ\gg N$. This allows for a non-trivial check of a conjectured relation between the Bremsstrahlung function and the expectation value of the 1/2 BPS circular loop in the case of a representation other than the fundamental. Moreover, we observe that in th…
We compute the 1-loop partition function for strings in $AdS_4\times\mathbb{CP}^3$, whose worldsheets end along a line with small cusp angles in the boundary of AdS. We obtain these 1-loop results in terms of the vacuum energy for on-shell modes. Our results verify the proposal by Lewkowycz and Maldacena in arXiv:1312.5682 for the exact Bremsstrahlung function up to the next to leading order in the strong coupling expansion. The agreement is observed for cusps distorting either the 1/2 BPS or the 1/6 BPS Wilson line.
We consider the classical limit of the recently obtained exact result for the anomalous dimension of a cusped Wilson line with the insertion of an operator with L units of R-charge at the cusp in planar N=4 SYM. The classical limit requires taking both the 't Hooft coupling and L to infinity. Since the formula for the cusp anomalous dimension involves determinants of size proportional to L, the classical limit requires a matrix model reformulation of the result. We construct such matrix model-like representation and find corresponding classical algebraic curve. Using this we derive the classic…
We analyse a light-like cusped Wilson loop in N=6 superconformal Chern-Simons theory at both weak and strong coupling in light-cone gauge. At the second order in the 't Hooft coupling $λ$ the correct cusp anomalous dimension $Γ_{\rm cusp}=-ϕ/ 2 λ^2$ is recovered through a deformation of the contour that takes both rays of the cusp slightly off of the light-cone. The strong coupling behaviour is addressed by means of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for ladders of tree-level gauge propagators and ladders of one-loop corrected gauge propagators. It turns out that, as might be expected, the contributi…
We calculate the anomalous dimension of the cusped Wilson loop in ${\cal N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory to order $λ^2$ ($λ=g^2_{YM}N$). We show that the cancellation between the diagrams with the three-point vertex and the self-energy insertion to the propagator which occurs for smooth Wilson loops is not complete for cusped loops, so that an anomaly term remains. This term contributes to the cusp anomalous dimension. The result agrees with the anomalous dimensions of twist-two conformal operators with large spin. We verify the loop equation for cusped loops to order $λ^2$, reproducing…
In this paper, minimal surface in $q$-deformed $AdS_5\times S^5$ with boundary a cusp is studied in detail. This minimal surface is dual to cusped Wilson loop in the dual field theory. We found that the area of the minimal surface has both logarithmic squared divergence and logarithmic divergence. The logarithmic squared divergence can not be removed by either Legendre transformation or the usual geometric substraction. We further make analytic continuation to the Minkowski signature %for the case without the jump and take the limit such that the two edges of the cusp become light-like and ext…
We introduce a new purely bosonic, $\frac{1}{6}$ BPS Wilson loop for ABJM theory on $S^3$ that couples scalar fields to a latitude at an angle $θ$ on $S^2\in\mathbb{C}P^3$. Through localization of this operator, we relate the expansion of the cusp anomalous dimension at small cusp angles to the logarithmic derivative of the ABJM Wilson loop. This defines, non-perturbatively in the 't Hooft coupling, the bremsstrahlung function $B(λ)$ describing in three dimensions the soft radiation of a $W$-boson undergoing a sudden change in trajectory. We compare our results for $B(λ)$ to the known weak/str…
We construct the minimal surface in AdS, relevant for the strong coupling behaviour of local supersymmetric Wilson loops in N=4 SYM for a closed contour formed out of segments of two intersecting circles. Its regularised area is calculated including all divergent parts and the finite renormalised term. Furthermore we prove, that for generic planar curved contours with cusps the cusp anomalous dimensions are functions of the respective cusp angles alone. They do not depend on other local data of the cusps.
I review several old/new approaches to the string/gauge correspondence for the cusped/lightcone Wilson loops. The main attention is payed to SYM perturbation theory calculations at two loops and beyond and to the cusped loop equation. These three introductory lectures were given at the 48 Cracow School of Theoretical Physics: "Aspects of Duality", June 13-22, 2008, Zakopane, Poland.
We show that the Quantum Spectral Curve (QSC) formalism, initially formulated for the spectrum of anomalous dimensions of all local single trace operators in N=4 SYM, can be extended to the generalized cusp anomalous dimension for all values of the parameters. We find that the large spectral parameter asymptotics and some analyticity properties have to be modified, but the functional relations are unchanged. As a demonstration, we find an all-loop analytic expression for the first two nontrivial terms in the small |phi \pm theta| expansion. We also present nonperturbative numerical results at …
We study light-like polygonal Wilson loops in three-dimensional Chern-Simons and ABJM theory to two-loop order. For both theories we demonstrate that the one-loop contribution to these correlators cancels. For pure Chern-Simons, we find that specific UV divergences arise from diagrams involving two cusps, implying the loss of finiteness and topological invariance at two-loop order. Studying those UV divergences we derive anomalous conformal Ward identities for n-cusped Wilson loops which restrict the finite part of the latter to conformally invariant functions. We also compute the four-cusp Wi…
We propose and discuss a new approach to the analysis of the correlation functions which contain light-like Wilson lines or loops, the latter being cusped in addition. The objects of interest are therefore the light-like Wilson null-polygons, the soft factors of the parton distribution and fragmentation functions, high-energy scattering amplitudes in the eikonal approximation, gravitational Wilson lines, etc. Our method is based on a generalization of the universal quantum dynamical principle by J. Schwinger and allows one to take care of extra singularities emerging due to light-like or semi-…
The generalized quark-antiquark potential of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on S^3 x R calculates the potential between a pair of heavy charged particles separated by an arbitrary angle on S^3 and also an angle in flavor space. It can be calculated by a Wilson loop following a prescribed path and couplings, or after a conformal transformation, by a cusped Wilson loop in flat space, hence also generalizing the usual concept of the cusp anomalous dimension. In AdS_5 x S^5 this is calculated by an infinite open string. I present here an open spin-chain model which calculates the spectrum of…
Inequalities are derived for Wilson loops generalizing the well-known Bachas inequality for rectangular contours. The inequalities are compatible with the area law for large contours. The Polyakov cusp anomalous dimension of Wilson lines (playing an important role in QCD applications to hard processes) has a convex angular dependence. This convexity is crucial for the consistency of the inequalities with renormalization. Some parallel properties can be found in the string theory. The Kac-Ray cusp term from the "shape of a drum" problem has the same angular convexity property and plays the role…
We address a connection between the energy evolution of the polygonal light-like Wilson exponentials and the geometry of the loop space with the gauge invariant Wilson loops of a variety of shapes being the fundamental degrees of freedom. The renormalization properties and the differential area evolution of these Wilson polygons are studied by making use of the universal Schwinger quantum dynamical approach. We discuss the appropriateness of the dynamical differential equations in the loop space to the study of the energy evolution of the collinear and transverse-momentum dependent parton dist…
We discuss the possible relation between certain geometrical properties of the loop space and energy evolution of the cusped Wilson exponentials defined on the light-cone. Analysis of the area differential equations for this special class of the Wilson loops calls for careful treatment of the ultraviolet and rapidity divergences which make those loops non-multiplicatively-renormalizable. We propose to consider the renormalization properties of the light-cone cusped Wilson loops from the point of view of the universal quantum dynamical approach introduced by Schwinger. We conjecture and discuss…
In the context of AdS/CFT we provide analytical support for the proposed duality between a Wilson loop with a cusp, the cusp anomalous dimension, and the meson model constructed from a rotating open string with high angular momentum. This duality was previously studied using numerical tools in [1]. Our result implies that the minimum of the profile function of the minimal area surface dual to the Wilson loop, is related to the inverse of the bulk penetration of the dual string that hangs from the quark--anti-quark pair (meson) in the gauge theory.
We find 1/6 BPS string configurations in AdS_4 x CP^3, which we identify as the duals of certain 1/6 BPS circular Wilson loops in N=6 super Chern-Simons-matter gauge theory. We use our results to verify -in the strong coupling limit- a proposal made in arXiv:1402.4128 for a relation between the expectation value of these Wilson loops and the Bremsstrahlung function from deforming 1/2 BPS Wilson lines with a cusp. We also derive an analogous relation between the expectation value of some particular 1/12 BPS Wilson loops and the Bremsstrahlung function from deforming 1/6 BPS Wilson lines with an…
Wilson Loops with Lagrangians: Large Spin OPE and Cusp Anomalous Dimension Dictionary
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步加速器）；Centro de Fisica do Porto e Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto（波尔图大学理学院物理与天文学系及波尔图物理中心）；Department of Mathematics, King’s College London（伦敦国王学院数学系）
We present a simple prescription for computing conformal blocks and correlation functions holographically in AdS$_3$ in terms of Wilson lines merging at a bulk vertex. This is shown to reproduce global conformal blocks and heavy-light Virasoro blocks. In the case of higher spin theories the space of vertices is in one-to-one correspondence with the space of ${\cal W}_N$ conformal blocks, and we show how the latter are obtained by explicit computations.
An important ``observable'' of planar N=4 SYM theory is the scaling function f(lambda) that appears in the anomalous dimension of large spin twist 2 operators and also in the cusp anomaly of light-like Wilson loops. The non-trivial relation between the anomalous dimension and the Wilson interpretations of f(lambda) is well-understood on the perturbative gauge theory side of the AdS/CFT duality. In the first part of this paper we present the dual string-theory counterpart of this relation, to all orders in lambda^(-1/2) expansion. As a check, we explicitly compute the leading 1-loop string sigm…
Within the electrostatic formulation of holographic duals to (balanced) conformal quivers in five and three dimensions, we study Wilson loops in antisymmetric representations. We derive general expressions for various quantities participating in the formalism (VEV of Wilson loops, representation, gauge-node) and apply these to examples, connecting some results present in the bibliography. In the case of three dimensional quivers, we present a relation between Wilson loops in an 'electric' and in the 'magnetic/mirror' descriptions. In a very detailed appendix, we relate the electrostatic and ho…
We study dual conformal transformations of minimal area surfaces in $AdS_5 \times S^5$ corresponding to holographic smooth Wilson loops and some other related observables. To act with dual conformal transformations we map the string solutions to the dual space by means of T-duality, then we apply a conformal transformation and finally T-dualize back to the original space. The transformation maps between string solutions with different boundary contours. The boundary contours of the minimal surfaces are not mapped back to the AdS boundary, and the regularized area of the surface changes.
Correlation functions of Wilson lines are relevant for describing the infrared structure of scattering amplitudes. We develop a new method for evaluating a wide class of such Wilson line integrals, and apply it to the calculation of the velocity-dependent cusp anomalous dimension in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We compute the four-loop non-planar correction in a recently introduced scaling limit. Moreover, we derive the full planar four-loop result by means of an ansatz which is based on the structure of known analytic results. We determine the coefficients in this ansatz by mak…
In this paper we will present in more detail a construction using Wilson lines and the corresponding dual Galilean conformal field theory calculations for analytically determining holographic entanglement entropy for flat space in $2+1$ dimensions first presented in hep-th/1410.4089. In addition we will show how the construction using Wilson lines can be expanded to flat space higher-spin theories and determine the thermal entropy of (spin-3 charged) flat space cosmologies using this approach.
We discuss the realization of conformal invariance for Wilson actions using the formalism of the exact renormalization group. This subject has been studied extensively in the recent works of O. J. Rosten. The main purpose of this paper is to reformulate Rosten's formulas for conformal transformations using a method developed earlier for the realization of any continuous symmetry in the exact renormalization group formalism. The merit of the reformulation is simplicity and transparency via the consistent use of equation-of-motion operators. We derive equations that imply the invariance of the W…
We consider the correlation function of a circular Wilson loop with two local scalar operators at generic 4-positions in planar N=4 supersymmetric gauge theory. We show that such correlator is fixed by conformal invariance up to a function of 't Hooft coupling and two scalar combinations of the positions invariant under the conformal transformations preserving the circle. We compute this function at leading orders at weak and strong coupling for some simple choices of local BPS operators. We also check that correlators of an infinite line Wilson loop with local operators are the same as those …
We make an exact field theoretical computation of the conformal anomaly for two-dimensional submanifold observables. By including a scalar field in the definition for the Wilson surface, as appropriate for a spontaneously broken A_1 theory, we get a conformal anomaly which is such that N times it is equal to the anomaly that was computed in hep-th/9901021 in the large N limit and which relied on the AdS-CFT correspondence. We also show how the spherical surface observable can be expressed as a conformal anomaly.
We analyse the breaking of conformal invariance for null polygonal Wilson loops in ${\cal N}=4$ SYM beyond that induced by the UV divergences due to the cusps. It only shows up in exceptional configurations, where the polygon intersects the critical light cone of an inversion or a special conformal transformation. In comparison with the related study for the Euclidean version by Drukker and Gross, we find different leading terms both for weak as well as for strong coupling. Hence the conformal anomaly due to intersections of a null polygon with a critical light cone defines a new universal fun…
In this note we compute the expectation value of a circular BPS Wilson loop in the higher rank totally symmetric and antisymmetric representations of SU(N) in the $\hat{A}_1$ quiver $\mathcal{N} = 2$ SCFT, using a matrix model. We discuss the connection with a recent conjecture stating that expectation values of observables in this sector are obtained from $\mathcal{N = 4}$ SYM by a universal renormalization of the `t Hooft coupling.
We study N=1 superconformal theory in the context of AdS/CFT correspondence in the large central charge limit using Chern-Simons formulation of $3d$ gravity. In this limit conformal dimensions of a subclass of so-called light primary superfields remain finite and are governed by $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2)$ subalgebra of N=1 super-Virasoro algebra. We describe the construction of $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2)$ conformal blocks in terms of Wilson lines of the Chern-Simons $3d$ gravity. We consider examples of two and three-point blocks on the sphere and one-point torus blocks of light superprimary fields, whic…
In this thesis we consider four dimensional N=2 superconformal field theories, in presence of line defects such as Wilson loops. In this set up, using supersymmetric localization, we compute many observables, such as the vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop, correlation functions with chiral operators and the emitted radiation of the charged particle moving along the Wilson loop trajectory. These results are achieved by exploiting the localized matrix model on a four sphere, and checked against a perturbative computation on the flat space in N=1 superspace formalism, up to four loops in…
We derive a set of integral equations of the TBA type for the generalized cusp anomalous dimension, or the quark antiquark potential on the three sphere, as a function of the angles. We do this by considering a family of local operators on a Wilson loop with charge L. In the large L limit the problem can be solved in terms of a certain boundary reflection matrix. We determine this reflection matrix by using the symmetries and the boundary crossing equation. The cusp is introduced through a relative rotation between the two boundaries. Then the TBA trick of exchanging space and time leads to an…
Classically supersymmetric Wilson loop on a null polygonal contour possesses all symmetries required to match it onto non-MHV amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. However, to define it quantum mechanically, one is forced to regularize it since perturbative loop diagrams are not well-defined due to presence of ultraviolet divergences stemming from integration in the vicinity of the cusps. A regularization that is adopted by practitioners by allowing one to use spinor helicity formalism, on the one hand, and systematically go to higher orders of perturbation theory is based …
We compute the conformal blocks of the Virasoro minimal model or its W$_N$ extension with large central charge from Wilson line networks in a Chern-Simons theory including loop corrections. In our previous work, we offered a prescription to regularize divergences from loops attached to Wilson lines. In this paper, we generalize our method with the prescription by dealing with more general operators for $N=3$ and apply it to the identity W$_3$ block. We further compute general light-light blocks and heavy-light correlators for $N=2$ with the Wilson line method and compare the results with known…
We summarise the status of an intriguing new duality between planar maximally helicity violating scattering amplitudes and light-like Wilson loops in N=4 super Yang-Mills. In particular, we focus on the role played by (dual) conformal symmetry, which is made predictive by deriving anomalous conformal Ward identities for the Wilson loops. Assuming the duality, the conformal symmetry of the dual Wilson loops becomes an unexpected new symmetry of scattering amplitudes in N=4 SYM.
We review, in a self-contained and pedagogical manner, recent developments and techniques for the evaluation of the scattering amplitudes of planar N=4 SYM theory at both weak and strong coupling. Special emphasis is placed on the newly discovered connection between a special class of amplitudes and the expectation values of particular cusped light-like Wilson loops.
We consider the correlator <W_n O(x)> of a light-like polygonal Wilson loop with n cusps with a local operator (like the dilaton or the chiral primary scalar) in planar N =4 super Yang-Mills theory. As a consequence of conformal symmetry, the main part of such correlator is a function F of 3n-11 conformal ratios. The first non-trivial case is n=4 when F depends on just one conformal ratio ζ. This makes the corresponding correlator one of the simplest non-trivial observables that one would like to compute for generic values of the `t Hooft coupling λ. We compute F(ζ,λ) at leading order in both …
N=2* gauge theory in four space-time dimensions arises as a deformation of the parent N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mill theory under which its hypermultiplet acquires a mass. This theory, on the one hand, has a known supergravity dual and on the other hand is amenable to localization. We explain, using localization, a dynamical selection of the supergravity Coulomb branch vacuum at large N. We also demonstrate that large Wilson loops obey perimeter law, again finding exact match between direct field-theory calculations and string theory. Additionally, we compute free energy at large 't Hooft coupli…
We consider conformal N=2 super Yang-Mills theories with gauge group SU(N) and Nf=2N fundamental hypermultiplets in presence of a circular 1/2-BPS Wilson loop. It is natural to conjecture that the matrix model which describes the expectation value of this system also encodes the one-point functions of chiral scalar operators in presence of the Wilson loop. We obtain evidence of this conjecture by successfully comparing, at finite N and at the two-loop order, the one-point functions computed in field theory with the vacuum expectation values of the corresponding normal-ordered operators in the …
The construction of gravitational Wilson lines in the Chern-Simons formulation of $AdS_3$ gravity in terms of composite operators in the dual boundary conformal field theory is reviewed. New evidence is presented that the Wilson line, dimensionally regularized and suitably renormalized, behaves as a bi-local operator of two conformal primaries whose dimension is predicted by SL(2,R) current algebra.
We consider the 1/2 BPS circular Wilson loop in a generic N=2 SU(N) SYM theory with conformal matter content. We study its vacuum expectation value, both at finite $N$ and in the large-N limit, using the interacting matrix model provided by localization results. We single out some families of theories for which the Wilson loop vacuum expectation values approaches the N=4 result in the large-N limit, in agreement with the fact that they possess a simple holographic dual. At finite N and in the generic case, we explicitly compare the matrix model result with the field-theory perturbative expansi…
We study a D3-D5 system dual to a conformal field theory with a codimension-one defect that separates regions where the ranks of the gauge groups differ by $k$. With the help of this additional parameter, as observed by Nagasaki, Tanida and Yamaguchi, one can define a double scaling limit in which the quantum corrections are organized in powers of $λ/k^2$, which should allow to extrapolate results between weak and strong coupling regimes. In particular we consider a radius $R$ circular Wilson loop placed at a distance $L$, whose internal space orientation is given by an angle $χ$. We compute i…
We continue the study of the Wilson line representation of conformal blocks in two-dimensional conformal field theory; these have an alternative interpretation as gravitational Wilson lines in the context of the AdS$_3$/CFT$_2$ correspondence. The gravitational Wilson line involves a path-ordered exponential of the stress tensor, and its expectation value can be computed perturbatively in an expansion in inverse powers of the central charge $c$. The short-distance singularities which occur in the associated stress tensor correlators require systematic regularization and renormalization prescri…
We study string quantum corrections to the ratio of latitude and circular Wilson loops in N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling. Conformal gauge for the corresponding minimal surface in AdS(5)xS(5) is singular and we show that an IR anomaly associated with the divergence in the conformal factor removes previously reported discrepancy with the exact field-theory result. We also carefully check conformal anomaly cancellation and recalculate fluctuation determinants by directly evaluating phaseshifts for all the fluctuation modes.
We present integral equations for the area of minimal surfaces in AdS_3 ending on generic smooth boundary contours. The equations are derived from the continuum limit of the AMSV result for null polygonal boundary contours. Remarkably these continuum equations admit exact solutions in some special cases. In particular we describe a novel exact solution which interpolates between the circle and 4-cusp solutions.
We give an explicit realization of the 4d local operator / 2d conformal block correspondence of Costello and Paquette in the case of gauge theories. This is accomplished by lifting the 4d local operators to non-local operators in twistor space using a holomorphic generalization of the Wilson line. This procedure automatically constructs the 2d conformal blocks corresponding to the local operator. We interpret this lifting as effectively integrating out the 2d degrees of freedom living on the defect. We present some 2d chiral CFT representations of the defect algebra whose correlators reproduce…
The partition function of a family of four dimensional N=2 gauge theories has been recently related to correlation functions of two dimensional conformal Toda field theories. For SU(2) gauge theories, the associated two dimensional theory is A_1 conformal Toda field theory, i.e. Liouville theory. For this case the relation has been extended showing that the expectation value of gauge theory loop operators can be reproduced in Liouville theory inserting in the correlators the monodromy of chiral degenerate fields. In this paper we study Wilson loops in SU(N) gauge theories in the fundamental an…
We propose a method to holographically compute the conformal partial waves in any decomposition of correlation functions of primary operators in conformal field theories using open Wilson network operators in the holographic gravitational dual. The Wilson operators are the gravitational ones where gravity is written as a gauge theory in the first order Hilbert-Palatini formalism. We apply this method to compute the global conformal blocks and partial waves in 2d CFTs reproducing many of the known results.
We present the complete formula for the cusp anomalous dimension at four loops in QCD and in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills. In the latter theory it is given by \begin{equation} Γ^{\rm}_{\rm cusp}\Big|_{α_s^4} = -\left( \frac{α_s N}π\right)^4 \left[ \frac{73 π^6}{20160} + \frac{ ζ_{3}^2}{8} + \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \frac{31π^6}{5040} + \frac{9 ζ_3^2}{4} \right) \right] \,.\nonumber \end{equation} Our approach is based on computing the correlation function of a rectangular light-like Wilson loop with a Lagrangian insertion, normalized by the expectation value of the Wilson loop. In maximally…
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校卡弗里理论物理研究所）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）
