Ahmed Younes
A method to hide certain quantum states in a superposition will be proposed. Such method can be used to increase the security of a communication channel. States represent an encrypted message will disappear during data exchange. This makes the message 100% safe under direct measurement by an eavesdropper. No entanglement sharing is required among the communicating parties.
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In this work spontaneous (non-dynamical) breaking (effective hiding) of the unitary quantum mechanical dynamical symmetry (superposition) is considered. It represents an especial but very interesting case of the general formalism of the spontaneous symmetry breaking (effective hiding). Conceptual analogies with spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry in Weinberg-Sallam's electro-weak interaction are pointed out. Also, consequences of the spontaneous superposition breaking in the measurement process are discussed. Measurement can be considered as a typical Landau's continuous phase transitio…
Marshall et al. gedanken experiment of the quantum superpposition of a mirror (oscilating part of a Michelson interferometer) interacting with single photon is consequently interpreted by relative decoherence.Such relative decoherence (based on the spontaneous superposition breaking (effective hiding)) on the photon (quantum object) caused by mirror (measurement device) is sufficient to model real measurement.
The information bleaching refers to any physical process that removes quantum information from the initial state of the physical system. The no-hiding theorem proves that if information is lost from the initial system, then it cannot remain in the bipartite quantum correlation and must be found in the remainder of the Hilbert space. We show that when hiding map acts on the input state in the presence of indefinite causal order, then it is possible to hide quantum information in the correlation. One may ask, does it then violate the no-hiding theorem? We analyse this question and argue that in …
Multi-player quantum data hiding by nonlocal quantum state ensembles
该研究利用多方量子态局部最小错误判别的界，基于非局域量子态系综构造多参与者量子数据隐藏方案，实现仅在全体参与者合作时才可渐近恢复多个隐藏比特。
Recent work has shown how to use the laws of quantum mechanics to keep classical and quantum bits secret in a number of different circumstances. Among the examples are private quantum channels, quantum secret sharing and quantum data hiding. In this paper we show that a method for keeping two classical bits hidden in any such scenario can be used to construct a method for keeping one quantum bit hidden, and vice--versa. In the realm of quantum data hiding, this allows us to construct bipartite and multipartite hiding schemes for qubits from the previously known constructions for hiding bits. O…
We expand on our work on Quantum Data Hiding -- hiding classical data among parties who are restricted to performing only local quantum operations and classical communication (LOCC). We review our scheme that hides one bit between two parties using Bell states, and we derive upper and lower bounds on the secrecy of the hiding scheme. We provide an explicit bound showing that multiple bits can be hidden bitwise with our scheme. We give a preparation of the hiding states as an efficient quantum computation that uses at most one ebit of entanglement. A candidate data hiding scheme that does not u…
Nonlocal quantum state ensembles and quantum data hiding
本文研究双粒子量子态区分，建立非局域量子态系综与量子数据隐藏的联系，并借助最优局域区分界给出构造数据隐藏方案的充分条件。
We provide a non-interactive quantum bit commitment scheme which has statistically-hiding and computationally-binding properties from any quantum one-way function. Our protocol is basically a parallel composition of the previous non-interactive quantum bit commitment schemes (based on quantum one-way permutations, due to Dumais, Mayers and Salvail (EUROCRYPT 2000)) with pairwise independent hash functions. To construct our non-interactive quantum bit commitment scheme from any quantum one-way function, we follow the procedure below: (i) from Dumais-Mayers-Salvail scheme to a weakly-hiding and …
Quantum data hiding with two-qubit separable states
本文提出了一种基于双量子比特可分离态的量子数据隐藏方案，通过建立充分条件并举例说明，展示了该方案在实际应用中的可行性。
Quantum data-hiding scheme using orthogonal separable states
本文提出一种基于正交可分态系综的量子数据隐藏方案，给出利用局部最小误差区分下界构造方案的充分条件，并通过二分量子系统实例验证其可行性。
Gaussian quantum data hiding
本研究探讨了高斯量子数据隐藏，提出两种新方案：分别将高斯局部量子操作与经典通信、通用高斯测量作为测量集，利用位移双模压缩态和双模热态成功隐藏经典比特。
We present protocols for multiparty data hiding of quantum information that implement all possible threshold access structures. Closely related to secret sharing, data hiding has a more demanding security requirement: that the data remain secure against unrestricted LOCC attacks. In the limit of hiding a large amount of data, our protocols achieve an asymptotic rate of one hidden qubit per local physical qubit. That is, each party holds a share that is the same size as the hidden state to leading order, with accuracy and security parameters incurring an overhead that is asymptotically negligib…
Robustness of quantum data hiding against entangled catalysts and memory
本文研究量子数据隐藏在催化剂和量子记忆辅助下的鲁棒性，证明可分隐藏态不受这些资源影响，而某些纠缠态可被量子记忆几乎完美区分。
Quantum no-Hiding theorem, first proposed by Braunstein and Pati [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 080502 (2007)], was verified experimentally by Samal et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 186, 080401 (2011)] using NMR quantum processor. Till then, this fundamental test has not been explored in any of the experimental architecture. Here, we demonstrate the above no-hiding theorem using the IBM 5Q quantum processor. Categorical algebra developed by Coecke and Duncan [New J. Phys. 13, 043016 (2011)] has been used for better visualization of the no-hiding theorem by analyzing the quantum circuit using the ZX calculus. T…
Quantum Primitive for Output-Hiding Function Sharing: Strategic Settings
针对各方可能具有策略性考虑且互不信任的环境，提出一种量子原语，用于输出隐藏函数共享，并证明其能在测量不可靠控制时生成私有无偏随机数。
One of the applications of quantum technology is to use quantum states and measurements to communicate which offers more reliable security promises. Quantum data hiding, which gives the source party the ability of sharing data among multiple receivers and revealing it at a later time depending on his/her will, is one of the promising information sharing schemes which may address practical security issues. In this work, we propose a novel quantum data hiding protocol. By concatenating different subprotocols which apply to rather symmetric hiding scenarios, we cover a variety of more general hid…
Here we analyze the practical implication of the existing quantum data hiding protocol with Bell states produced with optical downconverter. We show that the uncertainty for the producing of the Bell states with spontaneous parameter down-conversion should be taken into account, because it will cause serious trouble to the hider encoding procedure. A set of extended Bell states and a generalized Bell states analyzer are proposed to describe and analyze the possible states of two photons distributing in two paths. Then we present a method to integrate the above uncertainty of Bell states prepar…
We present a general technique for hiding a classical bit in multipartite quantum states. The hidden bit, encoded in the choice of one of two possible density operators, cannot be recovered by local operations and classical communication without quantum communication. The scheme remains secure if quantum communication is allowed between certain partners, and can be designed for any choice of quantum communication patterns to be secure, but to allow near perfect recovery for all other patterns. The maximal probability of unwanted recovery of the hidden bit, as well as the maximal error for allo…
Cloning, deleting, and hiding in modal quantum theory
本研究针对基于有限域的模态量子理论（MQT）玩具模型，分析了克隆、删除和隐藏相关的不可行结果，发现克隆与删除在MQT中仍被禁止，但模态量子比特信息可完全隐藏于两个纠缠模态量子比特的关联中。
We study the quantumness of correlations for ensembles of bi- and multi-partite systems and relate it to the task of quantum data hiding. Quantumness is here intended in the sense of minimum average disturbance under local measurements. We consider a very general framework, but focus on local complete von Neumann measurements as cause of the disturbance, and, later on, on the trace-distance as quantifier of the disturbance. We discuss connections with entanglement and previously defined notions of quantumness of correlations. We prove that a large class of quantifiers of the quantumness of cor…
Optimising quantum data hiding
针对现有量子数据隐藏态难以兼具可分性与完美正交性的问题，本文构造了群对称、可分、完美正交且部分转置不变的新数据隐藏态。
We consider a quantum system subject to superselection rules, for which certain restrictions apply to the quantum operations that can be implemented. It is shown how the notion of quantum-nonlocality has to be redefined in the presence of superselection rules: there exist separable states that cannot be prepared locally and exhibit some form of nonlocality. Moreover, the notion of local distinguishability in the presence of classical communication has to be altered. This can be used to perform quantum information tasks that are otherwise impossible. In particular, this leads to the introductio…
Quantum Primitive for Output-Hiding Function Sharing: QKD and Joint Computation Applications
提出一种量子原语用于输出隐藏函数共享，应用于QKD提升安全与效率，并实现无需额外密钥或经典通信的联合函数编码，适用于金融、导航等领域。
(2,m)-threshold quantum data hiding
研究多方量子态判别，提出多方量子数据隐藏方案，任意两方联合测量可恢复经典比特，基于LOCC测量泄露信息少，给出最优LOCC判别界限，用低维可分态实现，提升实际可行性。
We present a scheme for hiding bits in Bell states that is secure even when the sharers Alice and Bob are allowed to carry out local quantum operations and classical communication. We prove that the information that Alice and Bob can gain about a hidden bit is exponentially small in $n$, the number of qubits in each share, and can be made arbitrarily small for hiding multiple bits. We indicate an alternative efficient low-entanglement method for preparing the shared quantum states. We discuss how our scheme can be implemented using present-day quantum optics.
Single photon interference and quantum-classical phase transition with spontaneous superposition breaking
研究单光子与照相底片的量子动力学相互作用，揭示量子-经典相变及自发叠加破缺机制，探讨其在物理多个领域中的应用。
Hiding images in quantum correlations
本研究针对量子光子学中光子对关联特性调控难的问题，通过塑形纠缠光子的空间关联将图像信息编码其中，使其无法被传统强度测量探测，为量子通信与成像协议开发提供了新途径。
Feature Prediction in Quantum Graph Recurrent Neural Networks with Applications in Information Hiding
本文利用量子图循环神经网络（QGRNN）处理经典图结构数据，实现高精度的节点特征重构与近乎完美的分类，并提出一种基于QGRNN的信息隐藏技术，验证了其在复杂度增加时仍保持高检索准确率的鲁棒性。
On the quantum mechanic foundation and quantum-classical phase transition with spontaneous superposition breaking
本文探讨了量子力学基础与量子-经典相变，提出坍缩是自发对称性破缺的特例，并通过单光子干涉实验验证。
We derive a formal connection between quantum data hiding and quantum privacy, confirming the intuition behind the construction of bound entangled states from which secret bits can be extracted. We present three main results. First, we show how to simplify the class of private states and related states via reversible local operation and one-way communication. Second, we obtain a bound on the one-way distillable entanglement of private states in terms of restricted relative entropy measures, which is tight in many cases and shows that protocols for one-way distillation of key out of states with…
We present and analyze a protocol for quantum steganography where the sender (Alice) encodes her steganographic information into the error syndromes of the perfect (five-qubit) quantum error-correcting code, and sends it to the receiver (Bob) over a depolarizing channel. Alice and Bob share a classical secret key, and hide quantum information in such a way that to an eavesdropper (Eve) without access to the secret key, the quantum message looks like an innocent codeword with a typical sequence of quantum errors. We calculate the average rate of key consumption, and show how the protocol improv…
Tight Universal Bounds on Quantum Data Hiding with Multipartite Werner States
该研究解决了多部分Werner态量子数据隐藏的最优安全界问题，证明区分偏差为O(n^2/d)，并将认证隐藏范围从n=O(d^{1/4})扩展到n=O(√d)，同时展示了表示论方法在量子性质测试中的价值。
The absence of information -- entirely or partly -- is called ignorance. Naturally, one might ask if some ignorance of a whole system will imply some ignorance of its parts. Our classical intuition tells us yes, however quantum theory tells us no: it is possible to encode information in a quantum system so that despite some ignorance of the whole, it is impossible to identify the unknown part arXiv:1011.6448. Experimentally verifying this counter-intuitive fact requires controlling and measuring quantum systems of high dimension $(d {>} 9)$. We provide this experimental evidence using the tran…
Linearity and unitarity are two fundamental tenets of quantum theory. Any consequence that follows from these must be respected in the quantum world. The no-cloning theorem and the no-deleting theorem are the consequences of the linearity and the unitarity. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem they provide permanence to quantum information, thus, suggesting that in the quantum world information can neither be created nor be destroyed. In this sense quantum information is robust, but at the same time it is also fragile because any interaction with the environment may lead to loss of in…
A simple formulation of no-cloning and no-hiding that admits efficient and robust verification
本文将量子理论的不可克隆与不可隐藏定理统一为一种支持高效验证且对误差鲁棒的单一形式，通过引入相容酉对（CUP）集作为物理理论的指纹，推导出信息-扰动约束，并开发了基于IBMQ仿真的随机化基准测试协议。
On Optimal Quantum Data Hiding and Maximal Separable Ball
本研究针对量子数据隐藏问题，在 bipartite 系统等场景下，推导了不同受限测量下的最优数据隐藏比，强化了经典可分球定理并改进了相关上界。
Quantum Primitive for Output-Hiding Function Sharing
提出一种量子信息论原语，使多方在互不知晓各自输入的情况下确定离散值函数，且函数值对外部观察者及量子系统内敌手隐藏，仅用量子资源实现经典需私钥或隐藏随机性的功能。
Developing an earlier proposal (Ne'eman, Damnjanovic, etc), we show herein that there is a Landau continuous phase transition from the exact quantum dynamics to the effectively classical one, occurring via spontaneous superposition breaking (effective hiding), as a special case of the corresponding general formalism (Bernstein). Critical values of the order parameters for this transition are determined by Heisenberg's indeterminacy relations, change continuously, and are in excellent agreement with the recent and remarkable experiments with Bose condensation. It is also shown that such a phase…
When classical or quantum information is broadcast to separate receivers, there exist codes that encrypt the encoded data such that the receivers cannot recover it when performing local operations and classical communication, but they can decode reliably if they bring their systems together and perform a collective measurement. This phenomenon is known as quantum data hiding and hitherto has been studied under the assumption that noise does not affect the encoded systems. With the aim of applying the quantum data hiding effect in practical scenarios, here we define the data-hiding capacity for…
From the Hardness of Detecting Superpositions to Cryptography: Quantum Public Key Encryption and Commitments
本文利用检测正交态干涉与交换态等难的结果，构造首个基于非阿贝尔群作用的量子密文公钥加密方案，并提出仅调用一次基础方案即可翻转量子比特承诺隐藏与绑定性质的编译器。
We show that the quantum nature of light can be used to hide a secret message within a photograph. Using this physical principle we achieve information-theoretic secure steganography, which had remained elusive until now. The protocol is such that the digital picture in which the secret message is embedded is perfectly undistinguishable from an ordinary photograph. This implies that, on a fundamental level, it is impossible to discriminate a private communication from an exchange of photographs.
Every sufficiently rich set of measurements on a fixed quantum system defines a statistical norm on the states of that system via the optimal bias that can be achieved in distinguishing the states using measurements from that set (assuming equal priors). The Holevo-Helstrom theorem says that for the set of all measurements this norm is the trace norm. For finite dimension any norm is lower and upper bounded by constant (though dimension dependent) multiples of the trace norm, so we set ourselves the task of computing or bounding the best possible "constants of domination" for the norms corresp…
Classical information can be completely hidden in the correlations of bipartite quantum systems. However, it is impossible to hide or mask all quantum information according to the no-hiding and no-masking theorems derived recently. Here we show that any set of informationally complete quantum states is neither hidable nor maskable, thereby strengthening the no-hiding and no-masking theorems known before. Then, by virtue of Hurwitz-Radon matrices (representations of the Clifford algebra), we show that information about real quantum states can be completely hidden in the correlations, although t…
Quantum resources,such as discord and entanglement, are crucial in quantum information processing. In this paper, quantum resources are studied from the aspect of quantum state superposition. We define the local superposition (LS) as the superposition between basis of single part, and nonlocal superposition (NLS) as the superposition between product basis of multiple parts. For quantum resource with nonzero LS, quantum operation must be introduced to prepare it, and for quantum resource with nonzero NLS, nonlocal quantum operation must be introduced to prepare it. We prove that LS vanishes if …
Nonadaptive One-Way to Hiding Implies Adaptive Quantum Reprogramming
非适应性单向到隐藏性定理推导出适应性量子重编程结果，挑战了相关框架属性不可行的信念。
Superposition states are at the origin of many paradoxes in quantum mechanics. By unraveling the von Neumann equation for density matrices, we develop a superposition-free formulation of quantum mechanics. Stochastic quantum jumps are a key feature of this approach, in blatant contrast with the continuity of the deterministic Schrödinger equation. We explain how quantum entanglement arises. Our superposition-free formulation results offers a new perspective on quantum mechanics.
We consider the collapse of a macroscopic quantum superposition occurring due to the measurement which optimally distinguishes its branches. Given a macroscopic superposition of N spin-1/2 particles, we use such a Helstrom measurement to construct the local unitary operator which maximizes the usefulness of the superposition for Heisenberg-limited phase estimation (i.e., with quantum Cramér Rao bound proportional to 1/N). In contrast, the collapsed state is not useful as a probe for phase estimation below the standard quantum limit. For the case N=2, we compute the entanglement entropy of the …
Quantum mechanics allows coherent superposition between different states of matter. This quality is responsible for major non-classical phenomena that occur in quantum systems. Beyond states, coherent superpositions are also possible between quantum evolutions. We characterize such superpositions here. A resource theoretic framework is developed to quantify superposition present in an arbitrary quantum evolution. In addition to characterization, the framework considers superposition as a quantum resource. This resource can be exploited to perform certain quantum tasks that are otherwise imposs…
Steganography is the process of hiding secret information by embedding it in an "innocent" message. We present protocols for hiding quantum information in a codeword of a quantum error-correcting code passing through a channel. Using either a shared classical secret key or shared entanglement the sender (Alice) disguises her information as errors in the channel. The receiver (Bob) can retrieve the hidden information, but an eavesdropper (Eve) with the power to monitor the channel, but without the secret key, cannot distinguish the message from channel noise. We analyze how difficult it is for …
We consider the nondistortion quantum interrogation (NQI) of an atom prepared in a quantum superposition. By manipulating the polarization of the probe photon and making connections to interaction free measurements of opaque objects, we show that nondistortion interrogation of an atom in a quantum superposition can be done with efficiency approaching unity. However, if any component of the atom's superposition is completely transparent to the probe wave function, a nondistortion interrogation of the atom is impossible.
Quantum Superposition, Collapse of Wave Function, Quantum Measurement and Nonadiabatic Dressed States
本文基于非绝热缀饰态和实验观测，重新审视量子叠加、波函数坍缩与测量问题，揭示其物理机制。
We present a quantum auction protocol using superpositions to represent bids and distributed search to identify the winner(s). Measuring the final quantum state gives the auction outcome while simultaneously destroying the superposition. Thus non-winning bids are never revealed. Participants can use entanglement to arrange for correlations among their bids, with the assurance that this entanglement is not observable by others. The protocol is useful for information hiding applications, such as partnership bidding with allocative externality or concerns about revealing bidding preferences. The …
The phenomenon of data hiding, i.e. the existence of pairs of states of a bipartite system that are perfectly distinguishable via general entangled measurements yet almost indistinguishable under LOCC, is a distinctive signature of nonclassicality. The relevant figure of merit is the maximal ratio (called data hiding ratio) between the distinguishability norms associated with the two sets of measurements we are comparing, typically all measurements vs LOCC protocols. For a bipartite $n\times n$ quantum system, it is known that the data hiding ratio scales as $n$, i.e. the square root of the re…
We investigate the multiparticle quantum superposition and the persistence of multipartite entanglement of the quantum superposition generated by the quantum injected high-gain optical parametric amplification of a single photon. The physical configuration based on the optimal universal quantum cloning has been adopted to investigate how the entanglement and the quantum coherence of the system persists for large values of the nonlinear parametric gain g.
We show that the quantum states generated by universal optimal quantum cloning of a single photon represent an universal set of quantum superpositions resilient to decoherence. We adopt Bures distance as a tool to investigate the persistence ofquantum coherence of these quantum states. According to this analysis, the process of universal cloning realizes a class of quantum superpositions that exhibits a covariance property in lossy configuration over the complete set of polarization states in the Bloch sphere.
Communication through the combination of quantum switch and coherent superposition of channels
本文研究量子开关、信道相干叠加及其组合与混合叠加等超映射的经典和量子容量，并通过比较识别出组合配置提升通信优势的适用场景。
Physical superpositions exist both in classical and in quantum physics. However, what is exactly meant by 'superposition' in each case is extremely different. In this paper we discuss some of the multiple interpretations which exist in the literature regarding superpositions in quantum mechanics. We argue that all these interpretations have something in common: they all attempt to avoid 'contradiction'. We argue in this paper, in favor of the importance of developing a new interpretation of superpositions which takes into account contradiction, as a key element of the formal structure of the t…
Suppose we want to benchmark a quantum device held by a remote party, e.g. by testing its ability to carry out challenging quantum measurements outside of a free set of measurements $\mathcal{M}$. A very simple way to do so is to set up a binary state discrimination task that cannot be solved efficiently by means of free measurements. If one can find pairs of orthogonal states that become arbitrarily indistinguishable under measurements in $\mathcal{M}$, in the sense that the error probability in discrimination approaches that of a random guess, one says that there is data hiding against $\mat…
Gong points out [quant-ph arXiv:1106.0062] a "direct connection" between our measure [PRL 106, 220401 (2011)] recently proposed to quantify macroscopic quantum superpositions and a previously studied quantity introduced to study classical and quantum chaos. We point out that the two measures are obviously different for some mixed states, and the previous one does not work as a sensible measure to quantify quantum superpositions.
We present a scheme to generate arbitrary superposition of the Dicke states of excitons in optically driven quantum dots. This proposal is based on a sequence of laser pulses, which are tuned appropriately to control transitions on Dicke state. It is shown that N laser pulses are needed to generate arbitrary superposition of the Dicke states of N quantum dots.
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