For complete metric spaces $X$ and $Y$, a description of linear biseparating maps between spaces of vector-valued Lipschitz functions defined on $X$ and $Y$ is provided. In particular it is proved that
$X$ and $Y$ are bi-Lipschitz homeomorphic, and the automatic continuity of such maps is derived in some cases. Besides, these results are used to characterize the separating bijections between scalar-valued Lipschitz function spaces when $Y$ is compact.
Let $X, Y$ be complete metric spaces and $E, F$ be Banach spaces. A bijective linear operator from a space of $E$-valued functions on $X$ to a space of $F$-valued functions on $Y$ is said to be biseparating if $f$ and $g$ are disjoint if and only if $Tf$ and $Tg$ are disjoint. We introduce the class of generalized Lipschitz spaces, which includes as special cases the classes of Lipschitz, little Lipschitz and uniformly continuous functions. Linear biseparating maps between generalized Lipschitz spaces are characterized as weighted composition operators, i.e., of the form $Tf(y) = S_y(f(h^{-1}(…
We prove that a biseparating map between spaces of vector-valued continuous functions is usually automatically continuous. However, we also discuss special cases when it is not true.
An additive map $T$ acting between spaces of vector-valued functions is said to be biseparating if $T$ is a bijection so that $f$ and $g$ are disjoint if and only if $Tf$ and $Tg$ are disjoint. Note that an additive bijection retains $\mathbb{Q}$-linearity. For a general nonlinear map $T$, the definition of biseparating given above turns out to be too weak to determine the structure of $T$. In this paper, we propose a revised definition of biseparating maps for general nonlinear operators acting between spaces of vector-valued functions, which coincides with the previous definition for additiv…
In this paper we give a description of separating or disjointness preserving linear bijections on spaces of vector-valued absolutely continuous functions defined on compact subsets of the real line. We obtain that they are continuous and biseparating in the finite-dimensional case. The infinite-dimensional case is also studied.
We develop a systematic approach to the study of duality for ideals of Lipschitz maps from a metric space to a Banach space, inspired by the classical theory that relates ideals of operators and tensor norms for Banach spaces, by using the Lipschitz tensor products previously introduced by the same authors. We first study spaces of Lipschitz maps, from a metric space to a dual Banach space, that can be represented canonically as the dual of a Lipschitz tensor product endowed with a Lipschitz cross-norm. We show that several known examples of ideals of Lipschitz maps (Lipschitz maps, Lipschitz …
For realcompact spaces X and Y we give a complete description of the linear biseparating maps between spaces of vector-valued continuous functions on X and Y, where special attention is paid to spaces of vector-valued bounded continuous functions. These results are applied to describe the linear isometries between spaces of vector-valued bounded continuous and uniformly continuous functions.
We introduce and study a natural notion of probabilistic 1-Lipschitz maps. We prove that the space of all probabilistic 1-Lipschitz maps defined on a probabilistic metric space G is also a probabilistic metric space. Moreover, when G is a group, then the space of all prob-abilistic 1-Lipschitz maps defined on G can be endowed with a monoid structure. Then, we caracterize the probabilistic invariant complete Menger groups by the space of all probabilistic 1-Lipschitz maps in the sprit of the classical Banach-Stone theorem.
We study the structure of the space of coarse Lipschitz maps between Banach spaces. In particular we introduce the notion of norm attaining coarse Lipschitz maps. We extend to the case of norm attaining coarse Lipschitz equivalences, a result of G. Godefroy on Lipschitz equivalences. This leads us to include the non separable versions of classical results on the stability of the existence of asymptotically uniformly smooth norms under Lipschitz or coarse Lipschitz equivalences.
We extend the recent result of G. Godefroy which concerns the existence of non-norm attaining Lipschitz maps in order to characterize the norm attainment toward vectors for Lipschitz maps in the general setting of underlying space. The main theorem of the present paper states that the existence of non-norm attaining Lipschitz maps toward vectors on a large class of metric spaces is characterized by the finite-dimensionality of range space. As an extension of his counterexample, some denseness results on norm attaining Lipschitz maps toward vectors are also shown.
We show that on separable Banach spaces admitting a separating polynomial, any uniformly continuous, bounded, real-valued function can be uniformly approximated by Lipschitz, analytic maps on bounded sets.
We classify several notions of norm attaining Lipschitz maps which were introduced previously, and present the relations among them in order to verify proper inclusions. We also analyze some results for the sets of Lipschitz maps satisfying each of these properties to be dense or not in $\Lip(X,Y)$. For instance, we characterize a Banach space $Y$ with the Radon-Nikodým property in terms of the denseness of norm attaining Lipschitz maps with values in $Y$. Further, we introduce a property called the local directional Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property for Lipschitz compact maps, which extends the…
We characterise the Banach spaces $X$ which are $L_1$-predual as those for which every Lipschitz compact mapping $f:N\longrightarrow X$ admits, for every $\varepsilon>0$ and every $M$ containing $N$, a Lipschitz (compact) extension $F:M\longrightarrow X$ so that $\Vert F\Vert\leq (1+\varepsilon)\Vert f\Vert$. Some consequences are derived about $L_1$-preduals and about Lipschitz-free spaces.
We prove that if $M$ is an infinite complete metric space then the set of strongly norm-attaining Lipschitz functions $\SA(M)$ contains a linear subspace isomorphic to $c_0$. This solves an open question posed by V. Kadets and O. Roldán.
We study the stability behavior of the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property for Lipschitz maps (Lip-BPB property). This property is a Lipschitz version of the classical Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property and deals with the possibility of approximating a Lipschitz map that almost attains its (Lipschitz) norm at a pair of distinct points by a Lipschitz map attaining its norm at a pair of distinct points (relatively) very closed to the previous one. We first study the stability of this property under the (metric) sum of the domain spaces. Next, we study when it is possible to pass the Lip-BPB property fr…
The notions of $p$-convexity and $q$-concavity are mostly known because of their importance as a tool in the study of isomorphic properties of Banach lattices, but they also play a role in several results involving linear maps between Banach spaces and Banach lattices. In this paper we introduce Lipschitz versions of these concepts, dealing with maps between metric spaces and Banach lattices, and start by proving nonlinear versions of two well-known factorization theorems through $L_p$ spaces due to Maurey/Nikishin and Krivine. We also show that a Lipschitz map from a metric space into a Banac…
Motivated by the notion of K-gentle partition of unity introduced in [12] and the notion of K-Lipschitz retract studied in [17], we study a weaker notion related to the Kantorovich-Rubinstein transport distance, that we call K-random projection. We show that K-random projections can still be used to provide linear extension operators for Lipschitz maps. We also prove that the existence of these random projections is necessary and sufficient for the existence of weak* continuous operators. Finally we use this notion to characterize the metric spaces (X, d) such that the free space F(X) has the …
Building upon the linear version of mixed summable sequences in arbitrary Banach spaces of A. Pietsch, we introduce a nonlinear version of his concept and study its properties. Extending previous work of J. D. Farmer, W. B. Johnson and J. A. Chávez-Domínguez, we define Lipschitz $\left(\mathfrak{m}^L\left(s;q\right),p\right)$ and Lipschitz $\left(p,\mathfrak{m}^L\left(s;q\right)\right)-$summing maps and establish inclusion theorems, composition theorems and several characterizations. Furthermore, we prove that the classes of Lipschitz $\left(r,\mathfrak{m}^L\left(r;r\right)\right)-$summing map…
We study the global invertibility of non-smooth, locally Lipschitz maps between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, using a kind of Palais-Smale condition. To this end, we consider the Chang version of the weighted Palais-Smale condition for locally Lipschitz functionals in terms of the Clarke subdifferential, as well as the notion of pseudo-Jacobians in the infinite-dimensional setting, which are the analog of the pseudo-Jacobian matrices defined by Jeyakumar and Luc. Using these notions, we derive our results about existence and uniqueness of solution for nonlinear equations. In particular, …
Invariant subspaces for free linearizations of Lipschitz maps
UNICAEN, CNRS, LMNO（卡昂大学，法国国家科学研究中心，LMNO）；Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia. Departamento de Matemática（圣保罗联邦大学）；Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LAMA UMR8050（巴黎东 Créteil 大学）；TU Wien（维也纳工业大学）
We study the set $\operatorname{SNA}(M,Y)$ of those Lipschitz maps from a (complete pointed) metric space $M$ to a Banach space $Y$ which (strongly) attain their Lipschitz norm (i.e.\ the supremum defining the Lipschitz norm is a maximum). Extending previous results, we prove that this set is not norm dense when $M$ is a length space (or local) or when $M$ is a closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$ with positive Lebesgue measure, providing new examples which have very different topological properties than the previously known ones. On the other hand, we study the linear properties which are sufficient…
We obtain a refinement of a selection principle for $(\mathcal{K}, λ)$-wide-$(s)$ sequences in Banach spaces due to Rosenthal. This result is then used to show that if $C$ is a bounded, non-weakly compact, closed convex subset of a Banach space $X$, then there exists a Hausdorff vector topology $τ$ on $X$ which is weaker than the weak topology, a closed, convex $τ$-compact subset $K$ of $C$ and an affine bi-Lipschitz map $T: K\to K$ without fixed points.
In this paper, we introduce and study a Lipschitz version of the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property (Lip-BPB property). This property deals with the possibility of making a uniformly simultaneous approximation of a Lipschitz map $F$ and a pair of points at which $F$ almost attains its norm by a Lipschitz map $G$ and a pair of points such that $G$ strongly attains its norm at the new pair of points. We first show that if $M$ is a finite pointed metric space and $Y$ is a finite-dimensional Banach space, then the pair $(M,Y)$ has the Lip-BPB property, and that both finiteness assumptions are needed.…
In this paper we show that if $(y_n)$ is a seminormalized sequence in a Banach space which does not have any weakly convergent subsequence, then it contains a wide-$(s)$ subsequence $(x_n)$ which admits an equivalent convex basic sequence. This fact is used to characterize weak-compactness of bounded, closed convex sets in terms of the generic fixed point property ($\mathcal{G}$-$FPP$) for the class of affine bi-Lipschitz maps. This result generalizes a theorem by Benavides, Japón Pineda and Prus previously proved for the class of continuous maps. We also introduce a relaxation of this notion …
We study the density of the set $\operatorname{SNA}(M,Y)$ of those Lipschitz maps from a (complete pointed) metric space $M$ to a Banach space $Y$ which strongly attain their norm (i.e.\ the supremum defining the Lipschitz norm is actually a maximum). We present new and somehow counterintuitive examples, and we give some applications. First, we show that $\operatorname{SNA}(\mathbb T,Y)$ is not dense in ${\mathrm{Lip}}_0(\mathbb T,Y)$ for any Banach space $Y$, where $\mathbb T$ denotes the unit circle in the Euclidean plane. This provides the first example of a Gromov concave metric space (i.e…
We propose a unified approach to the study of isometries on algebras of vector-valued Lipschitz maps and those of continuously differentiable maps by means of the notion of admissible quadruples. We describe isometries on function spaces of some admissible quadruples that take values in unital commutative $C^*$-algebras. As a consequence we confirm the statement of \cite[Example 8]{jp} on Lipschitz algebras and show that isometries on such algebras indeed take the canonical form.
A well-known open question is whether every countable collection of Lipschitz functions on a Banach space X with separable dual has a common point of Frechet differentiability. We show that the answer is positive for some infinite-dimensional X. Previously, even for collections consisting of two functions this has been known for finite-dimensional X only (although for one function the answer is known to be affirmative in full generality). Our aims are achieved by introducing a new class of null sets in Banach spaces (called $Γ$-null sets), whose definition involves both the notions of category…
Let $X$ be a Banach space and let $C$ be a closed convex bounded subset of $X$. It is proved that $C$ is weakly compact if, and only if, $C$ has the {it generic} fixed point property ($\mathcal{G}$-FPP) for the class of $L$-bi-Lipschitz affine mappings for every $L>1$. It is also proved that if $X$ has Pełczyński's property $(u)$, then either $C$ is weakly compact, contains an $\ell_1$-sequence or a $\mathrm{c}_0$-summing basic sequence. In this case, weak compactness of $C$ is equivalent to the $\mathcal{G}$-FPP for the strengthened class of affine mappings that are uniformly bi-Lipschitz. We…
Let (A_0,A_1) and (B_0,B_1) be Banach couples such that A_0 is contained in A_1 and (B_0,B_1) satisfies Arne Persson's approximation condition (H). Let T:A_1 --> B_1 be a possibly nonlinear Lipschitz mapping which also maps A_0 into B_0 and satisfies the following quantitative compactnesss condition: Ta \in ||a||_{A_0} K for each a \in A_0, where K is a fixed compact subset of B_0. We show that T maps the real interpolation space (A_0,A_1)_{θ,p} compactly into its counterpart (B_0,B_1)_{θ,p} for each θ\in (0,1) and p \in [1,\infty].
We study the question: when are Lipschitz mappings dense in the Sobolev space $W^{1,p}(M,\mathbf{H}^n)$? Here $M$ denotes a compact Riemannian manifold with or without boundary, while $\mathbf{H}^n$ denotes the $n$th Heisenberg group equipped with a sub-Riemannian metric. We show that Lipschitz maps are dense in $W^{1,p}(M,\mathbf{H}^n)$ for all $1\le p<\infty$ if $\dim M \le n$, but that Lipschitz maps are not dense in $W^{1,p}(M,\mathbf{H}^n)$ if $\dim M \ge n+1$ and $n\le p<n+1$. The proofs rely on the construction of smooth horizontal embeddings of the sphere $S^n$ into $\mathbf{H}^n$. We …
We establish the sharp rate of continuity of extensions of $\mathbb{R}^m$-valued $1$-Lipschitz maps from a subset $A$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$ to a $1$-Lipschitz maps on $\mathbb{R}^n$. We consider several cases when there exists a $1$-Lipschitz extension with preserved uniform distance to a given $1$-Lipschitz map. We prove that if $m>1$ then a given map is $1$-Lipschitz and affine if and only if such distance preserving extension exists for any $1$-Lipschitz map defined on any subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$. This shows a striking difference from the case $m=1$, where any $1$-Lipschitz function has such p…
Given pointed metric spaces $X$ and $Y$, we characterize the basepoint-preserving Lipschitz maps $ϕ$ from $Y$ to $X$ inducing an isometric composition operator $C_ϕ$ between the Lipschitz spaces $Lip_0(X)$ and $Lip_0(Y)$, whenever $X$ enjoys the peak property. This gives an answer to a question posed by N. Weaver in his book [Lipschitz algebras. Second edition. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Hackensack, NJ, 2018].
Let $Ω$ be a locally compact Hausdorff space. We show that any local $\mathbb{C}$-linear map (where "local" is a weaker notion than $C_0(Ω)$-linearity) between Banach $C_0(Ω)$-modules are "nearly $C_0(Ω)$-linear" and "nearly bounded". As an application, a local $\mathbb{C}$-linear map $θ$ between Hilbert $C_0(Ω)$-modules is automatically $C_0(Ω)$-linear. If, in addition, $Ω$ contains no isolated point, then any $C_0(Ω)$-linear map between Hilbert $C_0(Ω)$-modules is automatically bounded. Another application is that if a sequence of maps $\{θ_n\}$ between two Banach spaces "preserve $c_0$-sequ…
By the linearization property of Lipschitz-free spaces, any Lipschitz map $f : M \to N$ between two pointed metric spaces may be extended uniquely to a bounded linear operator $\widehat{f} : \mathcal F(M) \to \mathcal F(N)$ between their corresponding Lipschitz-free spaces. In this note, we explore the connections between the dynamics of Lipschitz self-maps $f : M \to M$ and the linear dynamics of their extensions $\widehat{f} : \mathcal F(M) \to \mathcal F(M)$. This not only allows us to relate topological dynamical systems to linear dynamical systems but also provide a new class of hypercycl…
A $1$-Lipschitz map $f$ from a convex compact set to itself has fixed points. This consequence of Brouwer's or Schauder's fixed point theorem has more elementary proofs by approximating $f$ by $λ$-contractions, $f_λ$. We study the convergence of the fixed points of those contractions as they converge to $f$.
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a Lipschitz map, or more generally a uniformly Lipschitz family of maps, to factor the Hamming cubes. This is an extension to Lipschitz maps of a particular spatial result of Bourgain, Milman, and Wolfson.
In this work we provide a characterization of distinct type of (linear and non-linear) maps between Banach spaces in terms of the differentiability of certain class of Lipschitz functions. Our results are stated in an abstract bornological and non-linear framework. Restricted to the linear case, we can apply our results to compact, weakly-compact, limited and completely continuous linear operators. Moreover, our results yield a characterization of Gelfand-Phillips spaces and recover some known result of Schur spaces and reflexive spaces concerning the differentiability of real-valued Lipschitz…
We solve the following three questions concerning surjective linear isometries between spaces of Lipschitz functions $\mathrm{Lip}(X,E)$ and $\mathrm{Lip}(Y,F)$, for strictly convex normed spaces $E$ and $F$ and metric spaces $X$ and $Y$: \begin{enumerate} \item Characterize those base spaces $X$ and $Y$ for which all isometries are weighted composition maps. \item Give a condition independent of base spaces under which all isometries are weighted composition maps. \item Provide the general form of an isometry, both when it is a weighted composition map and when it is not. \end{enumerate} In p…
Let $f$ be a Lipschitz map from a subset $A$ of a stratified group to a Banach homogeneous group. We show that directional derivatives of $f$ act as homogeneous homomorphisms at density points of $A$ outside a $σ$-porous set. At density points of $A$ we establish a pointwise characterization of differentiability in terms of directional derivatives. We use these new results to obtain an alternate proof of almost everywhere differentiability of Lipschitz maps from subsets of stratified groups to Banach homogeneous groups satisfying a suitably weakened Radon-Nikodym property. As a consequence we …
The main result: for every sequence $\{ω_m\}_{m=1}^\infty$ of positive numbers ($ω_m>0)$ there exists an isometric embedding $F:[0,1]\to L_1[0,1]$ which is nowhere differentiable, but for each $t\in [0,1]$ the image $F_t$ is infinitely differentiable on $[0,1]$ with bounds $\max_{x\in[0,1]}|F_t^{(m)}(x)|\leω_m$ and has an analytic extension to the complex plane which is an entire function.
We prove the differentiability of Lipschitz maps X-->V, where X is a complete metric measure space satisfying a doubling condition and a Poincaré inequality, and V is a Banach space with the Radon Nikodym Property (RNP). The proof depends on a new characterization of the differentiable structure on such metric measure spaces, in terms of directional derivatives in the direction of tangent vectors to suitable rectifiable curves.
In this note we prove that reconstruction from magnitudes of frame coefficients (the so called "phase retrieval problem") can be performed using Lipschitz continuous maps. Specifically we show that when the nonlinear analysis map $α:{\mathcal H}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^m$ is injective, with $(α(x))_k=|<x,f_k>|^2$, where $\{f_1,\ldots,f_m\}$ is a frame for the Hilbert space ${\mathcal H}$, then there exists a left inverse map $ω:\mathbb{R}^m\rightarrow {\mathcal H}$ that is Lipschitz continuous. Additionally we obtain the Lipschitz constant of this inverse map in terms of the lower Lipschitz const…
We show, as our main theorem, that if a Lipschitz map from a compact Riemannian manifold $M$ to a connected compact Riemannian manifold $N$, where $\dim M \geq \dim N$, has no singular points on $M$ in the sense of F.H. Clarke, then the map admits a smooth approximation via Ehresmann fibrations. We also show the Reeb sphere theorem for Lipschitz functions, i.e., if a closed Riemannian manifold admits a Lipschitz function with exactly two singular points in the sense of Clarke, then the manifold is homeomorphic to the sphere.
We prove a quantitative bi-Lipschitz nonembedding theorem for the Heisenberg group with its Carnot-Carathéodory metric and apply it to give a lower bound on the integrality gap of the Goemans-Linial semidefinite relaxation of the Sparsest Cut problem.
In this paper we prove two results regarding reconstruction from magnitudes of frame coefficients (the so called "phase retrieval problem"). First we show that phase retrievability as an algebraic property implies that nonlinear maps are bi-Lipschitz with respect to appropriate metrics on the quotient space. Second we prove that reconstruction can be performed using Lipschitz continuous maps. Specifically we show that when nonlinear analysis maps $α,β:\hat{H}\rightarrow R^m$ are injective, with $α(x)=(|\langle x,f_k\rangle |)_{k=1}^m$ and $β(x)=(|\langle x,f_k \rangle|^2)_{k=1}^m$, where $\{f_…
We use porosity to study differentiability of Lipschitz maps on Carnot groups. Our first result states that directional derivatives of a Lipschitz function act linearly outside a $σ$-porous set. The second result states that irregular points of a Lipschitz function form a $σ$-porous set. We use these observations to give a new proof of Pansu's theorem for Lipschitz maps from a general Carnot group to a Euclidean space.
