We give a definition of the spectral flow for paths of bounded essentially hyperbolic operators on a Banach space. The spectral flow induces a group homomorphism on the fundamental group of every connected component of the space of essentially hyperbolic operators. We prove that this homomorphism completes the exact homotopy sequence of a Serre fibration. This allows us to characterise its kernel and image and to produce examples of spaces where it is not injective or not surjective, unlike what happens for Hilbert spaces. For a large class of paths, namely the essentially splitting, the spectral flow of $ A $ coincides with $ -\ind(F_A) $, the Fredholm index of the differential operator $ F_A (u) = u' - A u $.
In this note, we show that \cite[Corollary 3.2]{sad} is not always true. In fact, we characterize essential left $ϕ$-contractibility of the the group algebras in the term of compactness of its related locally compact group. Also we show that for any compact commutative group $G$, $L^{2}(G)$ is always essentially left $ϕ$-contractible. We discuss essential left $ϕ$-contractibility of some Fourier algebras.
In 1994 H. Bart and V.É. Tsekanovskii posed the question whether the Banach space operator relations matricial coupling (MC), equivalence after extension (EAE) and Schur coupling (SC) coincide, leaving only the implication EAE/MC $\Rightarrow$ SC open. Despite several affirmative results, in this paper we show that the answer in general is no. This follows from a complete description of EAE and SC for the case that the operators act on essentially incomparable Banach spaces, which also leads to a new characterization of the notion of essential incomparability. Concretely, the forward shift ope…
Generalized hyperbolicity for diffeomorphisms of Banach spaces
Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)（天主教里约热内卢 Pontifical University）；Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo (IME-USP)（圣保罗大学数学、统计和计算机科学学院）
We prove that every multiplier M (bounded operator commuting with the shift operator) on a large class of Banach spaces of sequences on Z is associated to a function essentially bounded by the norm of M on the spectrum of S.
We present a spectral mapping theorem for continuous semigroups of operators on any Banach space $E$. The condition for the hyperbolicity of a semigroup on $E$ is given in terms of the generator of an evolutionary semigroup acting in the space of $E$-valued functions. The evolutionary semigroup generated by the propagator of a nonautonomous differential equation in $E$ is also studied. A ``discrete'' technique for the investigating of the evolutionary semigroup is developed and applied to describe the hyperbolicity (exponential dichotomy) of the nonautonomuos equation. File Length: 68K
We give a definition of the spectral flow for continuous paths in the space of bounded and essentially hyperbolic operators. We provide a homotopical characterization of the spectral flow in terms of a group homomorphism of the fundamental group of the projectors of the Calkin algebra with the infinite cyclic group Z. This characterization helps us to exhibit examples of infinite-dimensional Banach spaces where the spectral flow is not injective nor surjective. We prove that a path with spectral flow equal to an integer m exists if and only if there exists a projector P connected by an arc to …
This article is a continuation of a paper of the first author \cite{F} about complex structures on real Banach spaces. We define a notion of even infinite dimensional real Banach space, and prove that there exist even spaces, including HI or unconditional examples from \cite{F} and $C(K)$ examples due to Plebanek \cite{P}. We extend results of \cite{F} relating the set of complex structures up to isomorphism on a real space to a group associated to inessential operators on that space, and give characterizations of even spaces in terms of this group. We also generalize results of \cite{F} about…
Is shown that any separable superreflexive Banach space X may be isometrically embedded in a separable superreflexive Banach space Z=Z(X) (which, in addition, is of the same type and cotype as X) such that its conjugate admits a continuous surjection on each its subspace. This gives an affirmative answer on S. Banach problem: Whether there exists a Banach space X, non isomorphic to a Hilbert space, which admits a continuous linear surjection on each its subspace and is essentially different from l_1?
A metric space $X$ has {\em Markov type} 2, if for any reversible finite-state Markov chain $\{Z_t\}$ (with $Z_0$ chosen according to the stationary distribution) and any map $f$ from the state space to $X$, the distance $D_t$ from $f(Z_0)$ to $f(Z_t)$ satisfies $\E(D_t^2) \le K^2 t \E(D_1^2)$ for some $K=K(X)<\infty$. This notion is due to K. Ball (1992), who showed its importance for the Lipschitz extension problem. However until now, only Hilbert space (and its bi-Lipschitz equivalents) were known to have Markov type 2. We show that every Banach space with modulus of smoothness of power typ…
It was recently shown in [24] that the Banach space operator relations Equivalence After Extension (EAE) and Schur Coupling (SC) do not coincide by characterizing these relations for operators acting on essentially incomparable Banach spaces. The examples that prove the non-coincidence are Fredholm operators, which is a subclass of relatively regular operators, the latter being operators with complementable kernels and ranges. In this paper we analyse the relations EAE and SC for the class of relatively regular operators, leading to an equivalent Banach space operator problem from which we der…
It is proved that a commutative algebra $A$ of operators in a reflexive real Banach space has an invariant subspace if each operator $T\in A$ satisfies the condition $$\|1- \varepsilon T^2\|_e \le 1 + o(\varepsilon) \text{ when } \varepsilon\searrow 0,$$ where $\|\cdot\|_e$ is the essential norm. This implies the existence of an invariant subspace for every commutative family of essentially selfadjoint operators in a real Hilbert space.
It is proved that a commutative algebra $A$ of operators on a reflexive real Banach space has an invariant subspace if each operator $T\in A$ satisfies the condition $$\|1- \varepsilon T^2\|_e \le 1 + o(\varepsilon) \text{ when } \varepsilon\searrow 0,$$ where $\|\cdot\|_e$ is the essential norm. This implies the existence of an invariant subspace for every commutative family of essentially selfadjoint operators on a real Hilbert space.
Smith et al. recently gave the sufficient and necessary conditions for the boundedness of Volterra type operators on Banach spaces of bounded analytic functions when the symbol functions are univalent. In this paper, we give the complete characterizations of the conditions for the boundedness and compactness of Volterra type operators $T_g$ and their companion operators $S_g$ between weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions, which essentially generalize their works.
In this paper, we study the coarse embedding into Banach space. We proved that under certain conditions, the property of embedding into Banach space can be preserved under taking the union the metric spaces. For a group $G$ strongly relative hyperbolic to a subgroup $H$, we proved that if $H$ admits a coarse embedding into a uniformly convex Banach space, so is $B(n)=\{g\in G|\abs{g}_{S\cup\mathscr{H}}\leq n\}$.
We present a characterization of hyperbolicity for strongly continuous semigroups on Banach spaces in terms of Fourier multiplier properties of the resolvent of the generator. Hyperbolicity with respect to classical solutions is also considered. Our approach unifies and simplifies the M. Kaashoek-- S. Verduyn Lunel theory and multiplier-type results previously obtained by S. Clark, M. Hieber, S. Montgomery-Smith, F. Räbiger, T. Randolph, and L. Weis.
It is introduced an open class of linear operators on Banach and Hilbert spaces such that their non-wandering set is an infinite dimensional topologically mixing subspace. In certain cases, the non-wandering set coincides with the whole space.
To describe a set of functions, which forms a reflexive subspace B of the classical Banach space L a special function that characterizes their average integral growth is introduced. It is shown that this function essentially depends on the geometry of B. By the way, one question of la Vallee Poussin is answered. Also a short proof of the known result about the existence of an uncomplemented subspace isomorphic to the Hilbert space in every Lebesgue - Riesz space Lp (1<p<2) is obtained.
We show that some previous results concerning the boundedness of differentiation and integration operators on weighted spaces given by radial weights in the unit disk or the complex plane might fail without some natural additional conditions. In view of this we develop a new elementary approach which is essentially different from the previous one and can be applied for weights and domains of general types. We also establish a new characterization of some popular classes of radial weights.
These notes are formal. Here, in this abstract, not in the note, we should say that all that is in the text was done, essentially, by Aleksander Pełczyński. BUT: Anyhow, a new notion of an O-frame for an operator is introduced. For the operators in separable spaces, it is shown that a operator has an O-frame iff it has the BAP iff it can be factored through a Banach space with a basis. Applications are given. However, looking around, I'd say that, e.g., a notion of a Banach frame (and also O-frame) was implicitely introduced by great Aleksander Pełczyński.
In this paper we study sufficient conditions for an operator to have an almost-invariant half-space. As a consequence, we show that if $X$ is an infinite-dimensional complex Banach space then every operator $T\in\mathcal{L}(X)$ admits an essentially-invariant half-space. We also show that whenever a closed algebra of operators possesses a common AIHS, then it has a common invariant half-space as well.
We prove that a Banach space X is not super-reflexive if and only if the hyperbolic infinite tree embeds metrically into X. We improve one implication of J.Bourgain's result who gave a metrical characterization of super-reflexivity in Banach spaces in terms of uniforms embeddings of the finite trees. A characterization of the linear type for Banach spaces is given using the embedding of the infinite tree equipped with a suitable metric.
We show that if the Szlenk index of a Banach space $X$ is larger than the first infinite ordinal $ω$ or if the Szlenk index of its dual is larger than $ω$, then the tree of all finite sequences of integers equipped with the hyperbolic distance metrically embeds into $X$. We show that the converse is true when $X$ is assumed to be reflexive. As an application, we exhibit new classes of Banach spaces that are stable under coarse-Lipschitz embeddings and therefore under uniform homeomorphisms.
We analyze a convex stochastic optimization problem where the state is assumed to belong to the Bochner space of essentially bounded random variables with images in a reflexive and separable Banach space. For this problem, we obtain optimality conditions that are, with an appropriate model, necessary and sufficient. Additionally, the Lagrange multipliers associated with optimality conditions are integrable vector-valued functions and not only measures. A model problem is given demonstrating the application to PDE-constrained optimization under uncertainty with an outlook for further applicatio…
Given a set $B$ of operators between subspaces of $L_p$ spaces, we characterize the operators between subspaces of $L_p$ spaces that remain bounded on the $X$-valued $L_p$ space for every Banach space on which elements of the original class $B$ are bounded. This is a form of the bipolar theorem for a duality between the class of Banach spaces and the class of operators between subspaces of $L_p$ spaces, essentially introduced by Pisier. The methods we introduce allow us to recover also the other direction --characterizing the bipolar of a set of Banach spaces--, which had been obtained by Hern…
A metric space has the universal Lipschitz extension property if for each subspace S embedded quasi-isometrically into an arbitrary metric space M there exists a continuous linear extension of Banach-valued Lipschitz functions on S to those on all of M. We show that the finite direct sum of Gromov hyperbolic spaces of bounded geometry is universal in the sense of this definition.
We propose the class of uniformly convex $W$-hyperbolic spaces with monotone modulus of uniform convexity ($UCW$-hyperbolic spaces for short) as an appropriate setting for the study of nonexpansive iterations. $UCW$-hyperbolic spaces are a natural generalization both of uniformly convex normed spaces and CAT(0)-spaces. Furthermore, we apply proof mining techniques to get effective rates of asymptotic regularity for Ishikawa iterations of nonexpansive self-mappings of closed convex subsets in $UCW$-hyperbolic spaces. These effective results are new even for uniformly convex Banach spaces.
We introduce a new concept of perturbation of closed linear subspaces and operators in Banach spaces called uniform lambda-adjustment which is weaker than perturbations by small gap, operator norm, q-norm, and K2-approximation. In arbitrary Banach spaces some of the classical Fredholm stability theorems remain true under uniform lambda-adjustment, while other fail. However, uniformly lambda-adjusted subspaces and linear operators retain their (semi--)Fredholm properties in a Banach space which dual is Fréchet-Urysohn in weak* topology. We also introduce another concept of perturbation called u…
The main purpose of this note is to show that the question posed in the paper of Sinha D.P. and Karn A.K.("Compact operators which factor through subspaces of $l_p$ Math. Nachr. 281, 2008, 412-423; see the very end of that paper) has a negative answer, and that the answer was known, essentially, in 1985 after the papers "Approximation properties of order p and the existence of non-p-nuclear operators with p-nuclear second adjoints" (Math. Nachr. 109(1982), 125-134) and "Approximation of operators in Banach spaces" (Application of functional analysis in the approximation theory (KGU, Kalinin), …
We introduce and study Banach spaces which have property CWO, i.e., every finite convex combination of relatively weakly open subsets of their unit ball is open in the relative weak topology of the unit ball. Stability results of such spaces are established, and we introduce and discuss a geometric condition---property (co)---on a Banach space. Property (co) essentially says that the operation of taking convex combinations of elements of the unit ball is, in a sense, an open map. We show that if a finite dimensional Banach space $X$ has property (co), then for any scattered locally compact Hau…
A well-known result in the area of dynamical systems asserts that any invertible hyperbolic operator on any Banach space is structurally stable. This result was originally obtained by P. Hartman in 1960 for operators on finite-dimensional spaces. The general case was independently obtained by J. Palis and C. Pugh around 1968. We will exhibit examples of structurally stable operators that are not hyperbolic, thereby showing that the converse of the above-mentioned result is false in general. We will also prove that an invertible operator on a Banach space is hyperbolic if and only if it is expa…
Schur coupling (SC) and equivalence after extension (EAE) are important relations for bounded operators on Banach spaces. It has been known for 30 years that the former implies the latter, but only recently Ter Horst, Messerschmidt, Ran and Roelands disproved the converse by constructing a pair of Fredholm operators which are EAE, but not SC. Motivated by this result, we investigate when EAE and SC coincide for Fred\-holm operators. Fredholm operators which are EAE have the same Fredholm index. Surprisingly, we find that for each integer $k$ and every pair of Banach spaces $(\mathcal{X},\mathc…
In this note we provide a self-contained proof of an existence and uniqueness result for a class of Banach space valued evolution equations with an additive forcing term. The framework of our abstract result includes, for example, finite dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs), semilinear deterministic partial differential equations (PDEs), as well as certain additive noise driven stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) as special cases. The framework of our general result assumes somehow mild regularity conditions on the involved semigroup and also allows the involved sem…
We present a reflexive Banach space with an unconditional basis which is quasi-minimal and tight by range, i.e. of type (4) in Ferenczi-Rosendal list within the framework of Gowers' classification program of Banach spaces, but contrary to the recently constructed space of type (4) also tight with constants, thus essentially extending the list of known examples in Gowers classification program. The space is defined on the base on a boundedly modified mixed Tsirelson space with use of a special coding function.
This paper provides a fixed point theorem and iterative construction of a common fixed point for a general class of nonlinear mappings in the setup of uniformly convex hyperbolic spaces. We translate a multi-step iteration, essentially due to Chidume and Ofoedu [4] in such setting for the approximation of common fixed points of a finite family of total asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. As a consequence, we establish strong and del-convergence results which extend and generalize various corresponding results announced in the current literature.
In this work we establish a Stokes-type integral equality for scalarly essentially integrable forms on an orientable smooth manifold with values in the locally convex linear space $\langle B(G),σ(B(G),\mathcal{N})\rangle$, where $G$ is a complex Banach space and $\mathcal{N}$ is a suitable linear subspace of the norm dual of $B(G)$. This result widely extends the Newton-Leibnitz-type equality stated in one of our previous articles. To obtain our equality we generalize the main result of that article, and employ the Stokes theorem for smooth locally convex vector valued forms established in a p…
We investigate questions of maximal symmetry in Banach spaces and the structure of certain bounded non-unitarisable groups on Hilbert space. In particular, we provide structural information about bounded groups with an essentially unique invariant complemented subspace. This is subsequently combined with rigidity results for the unitary representation of ${\rm Aut}(T)$ on $\ell_2(T)$, where $T$ is the countably infinite regular tree, to describe the possible bounded subgroups of ${\rm GL}(\mathcal H)$ extending a well-known non-unitarisable representation of $\mathbb F_\infty$. As a related re…
We prove that any hyperbolic group admits a proper affine isometric action on a quotient space of a $\ell^p$ Banach space, for all $p>1$ sufficiently close to 1.
In recent years the coincidence of the operator relations equivalence after extension and Schur coupling was settled for the Hilbert space case, by showing that equivalence after extension implies equivalence after one-sided extension. In this paper we investigate consequences of equivalence after extension for compact Banach space operators. We show that generating the same operator ideal is necessary but not sufficient for two compact operators to be equivalent after extension. In analogy with the necessary and sufficient conditions on the singular values for compact Hilbert space operators …
The aim of this paper is to extend the framework of the spectral method for proving property (T) to the class of reflexive Banach spaces and present a condition implying that every affine isometric action of a given group $G$ on a reflexive Banach space $X$ has a fixed point. This last property is a strong version of Kazhdan's property (T) and is equivalent to the fact that $H^1(G,π)=0$ for every isometric representation $π$ of $G$ on $X$. The condition is expressed in terms of $p$-Poincaré constants and we provide examples of groups, which satisfy such conditions and for which $H^1(G,π)$ vani…
Let $\mathcal{R}$ be a strongly compact $C^2$ map defined in an open subset of an infinite-dimensional Banach space such that the image of its derivative $D_F \mathcal{R}$ is dense for every $F$. Let $Ω$ be a compact, forward invariant and partially hyperbolic set of $\mathcal{R}$ such that $\mathcal{R}\colon Ω\rightarrow Ω$ is onto. The $δ$-shadow $W^s_δ(Ω)$ of $Ω$ is the union of the sets $$W^s_δ(G)= \{F\colon dist(\mathcal{R}^iF, \mathcal{R}^iG) \leq δ, \ for \ every \ i\geq 0 \},$$ where $G \in Ω$. Suppose that $W^s_δ(Ω)$ has transversal empty interior, that is, for every $C^{1+Lip}$ $n$-d…
We discuss the construction of the full Sobolev (Hölder) scale for non-densely defined operators on a Banach space with rays of minimal growth. In particular, we give a construction for extrapolation- and Favard spaces of generators of (bi-continuous) semigroups, or which is essentially the same, Hille-Yosida operators on Saks spaces.
The following theorem is essentially due to L.~Kantorovich and B. Vulikh and it describes one of the most important classes of Banach lattices between which each continuous operator is regular. {\bf Theorem 1.1.} {\sl Let $E$ be an arbitrary L-space and $F$ be an arbitrary Banach lattice with Levi norm. Then ${\cal L}(E,F)={\cal L}^r(E,F),\ (\star) $ that is, every continuous operator from $E$ to $F$ is regular.} In spite of the importance of this theorem it has not yet been determined to what extent the Levi condition is essential for the validity of equality $(\star)$. Our main aim in this w…
We study the existence of global implicit functions for equations defined on open subsets of Banach spaces. The partial derivative with respect to the second variable is only required to have a left inverse instead of being invertible. Generalizing known results, we provide sufficient criteria which are easy to check. These conditions essentially rely on the existence of diffeomorphisms between the respective projections of the set of zeros and appropriate Banach spaces, as well as a corresponding growth bound. The projections further allow to consider cases where the global implicit function …
(Revised version, January 2006. S. Gouezel pointed out that, when 1<r<2, the proof in the previous version was incomplete. In fixing this gap, we simplified the argument in Section 6. In addition, there is a new appendix, with an alternative description of the norms. We also corrected a few minor flaws.) We study spectral properties of transfer operators for diffeomorphisms T on a Riemannian manifold: Suppose that there is an isolated hyperbolic subset for T, with a compact isolating neighborhood V. We first introduce Banach spaces of distributions supported on V, which are anisotropic version…
A distortion lower bound of $Ω(\log(h)^{1/p})$ is proven for embedding the complete countably branching hyperbolic tree of height $h$ into a Banach space admitting an equivalent norm satisfying property $(β)$ of Rolewicz with modulus of power type $p\in(1,\infty)$ (in short property ($β_p$)). Also it is shown that a distortion lower bound of $Ω(\ell^{1/p})$ is incurred when embedding the parasol graph with $\ell$ levels into a Banach space with an equivalent norm with property ($β_p$). The tightness of the lower bound for trees is shown adjusting a construction of Matoušek to the case of infin…
We show a distortion lower bound of $Ω(\log(h)^{1/p})$ when embedding the countably branching hyperbolic tree of height $h$ into a Banach space with an equivalent norm satisfying Rolewicz property $(β)$ with modulus of power type $p>1$. Similarly we show that a distortion lower bound of $Ω(l^{1/p})$ is incurred when embedding the parasol graphs with $l$ levels into a Banach space with the above property. We discuss the optimality of our results as well as several applications.
