We show that if $E$ is an arbitrary acyclic graph then the Leavitt path algebra $L_K(E)$ is locally $K$-matricial; that is, $L_K(E)$ is the direct union of subalgebras, each isomorphic to a finite direct sum of finite matrix rings over the field $K$. As a consequence we get our main result, in which we show that the following conditions are equivalent for an arbitrary graph $E$: (1) $L_K(E)$ is von Neumann regular. (2) $L_K(E)$ is $π$-regular. (3) $E$ is acyclic. (4) $L_K(E)$ is locally $K$-matricial. (5) $L_K(E)$ is strongly $π$-regular. We conclude by showing how additional regularity conditions (unit regularity, strongly clean) can be appended to this list of equivalent conditions.
Given an arbitrary graph E and a field K, the prime ideals as well as the primitive ideals of the Leavitt path algebra L_K(E) are completely described in terms of their generators. The stratification of the prime spectrum of L_K(E) is indicated with information on its individual stratum. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given on the graph E under which every prime ideal of L_K(E) is primitive. Leavitt path algebras of Krull dimension zero are characterized and those with various prescribed Krull dimension are constructed. The minimal prime ideals of L_K(E) are are described in terms of …
The stable rank of Leavitt path algebras of row-finite graphs was computed by Ara and Pardo. In this paper we extend this for an arbitrary directed graph. In some parts, we proceed our computation as the row-finite case while in some parts we use the knowledge about row-finite setting by applying the desingularizing method due to Drinen and Tomforde. In particular, we characterize purely infinite simple quotients of a Leavitt path algebra.
A ring R is called right principally-injective if every R-homomorphism from a principal right ideal aR to R (a in R), extends to R, or equivalently if every system of equations xa=b (a, b in R) is solvable in R. In this paper we show that for any arbitrary graph E and for a field K, principally-injective conditions for the Leavitt path algebra LK(E) are equivalent to that the graph E being acyclic. We also show that the principally injective Leavitt path algebras are precisely the von Neumann regular Leavitt path algebras.
We define Leavitt path algebras of hypergraphs generalizing simultaneously Leavitt path algebras of finitely separated graphs and Leavitt path algebras of row-finite vertex-weighted graphs. We find linear bases for those algebras, compute their Gelfand-Kirillov dimension, obtain some results on ring-theoretic properties like simplicity, von Neumann regularity and Noetherianess and investigate their K-theory and graded K-theory. By doing so we obtain new results on the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension and graded K-theory of Leavitt path algebras of separated graphs and on the graded K-theory of weigh…
For any field $K$ and for a completely arbitrary graph $E$, we characterize the Leavitt path algebras $L_K(E)$ that are indecomposable (as a direct sum of two-sided ideals) in terms of the underlying graph. When the algebra decomposes, it actually does so as a direct sum of Leavitt path algebras for some suitable graphs. Under certain finiteness conditions, a unique indecomposable decomposition exists.
We give a one-to-one correspondence between ideals in the Steinberg algebra of a Hausdorff ample groupoid $G$, and certain families of ideals in the group algebras of isotropy groups in $G$. This generalises a known ideal correspondence theorem for Steinberg algebras of strongly effective groupoids. We use this to give a complete graph-theoretic description of the ideal lattice of Leavitt path algebras over arbitrary commutative rings, generalising the classification of ideals in Leavitt path algebras over fields.
The main aim of the paper is to give a socle theory for Leavitt path algebras of arbitrary graphs. We use both the desingularization process and combinatorial methods to study Morita invariant properties concerning the socle and to characterize it, respectively. Leavitt path algebras with nonzero socle are described as those which have line points, and it is shown that the line points generate the socle of a Leavitt path algebra, extending so the results for row-finite graphs in the previous paper [12] (but with different methods). A concrete description of the socle of a Leavitt path algebra …
If $K$ is a field with involution and $E$ an arbitrary graph, the involution from $K$ naturally induces an involution of the Leavitt path algebra $L_K(E).$ We show that the involution on $L_K(E)$ is proper if the involution on $K$ is positive definite, even in the case when the graph $E$ is not necessarily finite or row-finite. It has been shown that the Leavitt path algebra $L_K(E)$ is regular if and only if $E$ is acyclic. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for $L_{K}(E)$ to be $^\ast$-regular (i.e. regular with proper involution). This characterization of $^\ast$-regularity of a Le…
Let E be an arbitrary graph and K be any field. For every non-graded ideal I of the Leavitt path algebra L_{K}(E), we give an explicit description of the generators of I. Using this, we show that every finitely generated ideal of L_{K}(E) must be principal. In particular, if E is a finite graph, then every ideal of L_{K}(E) must be principal ideal.
The Dixmier-Moeglin Equivalence (for short, the DM-equivalence) is the equivalence of three distinguishing properties of prime ideals in a non-commutative algebra A. These properties are of (i) being primitive, (ii) being rational, and (iii) being locally closed in the Zariski topology of Spec(A). The DM-equivalence holds in many interesting algebras over a field. Recently, it was shown that the prime ideals of a Leavitt path algebra of a finite graph satisfy the DM-equivalence, In this note, we investigate the occurrence of the DM-equivalence in a Leavitt path algebra L of an arbitrary direct…
In this article, we give a new class of automorphisms of Leavitt path algebras of arbitrary graphs. Consequently, we obtain Anick type automorphisms of these Leavitt path algebras and new irreducible representations of Leavitt algebras of type $(1, n)$.
We compute the monoid of isomorphism classes of finitely generated projective modules of a Leavitt path algebra over an arbitrary directed graph. Our result generalizes the result of Ara, Moreno, and Pardo in which they computed this monoid of a Leavitt path algebra over a countable row-finite directed graph.
We show that the endomorphism ring of any nonzero finitely generated projective module over the Leavitt path algebra $L_K(E)$ of an arbitrary graph $E$ with coefficients in a field $K$ is isomorphic to a Steinberg algebra. This yields in particular that every nonzero corner of the Leavitt path algebra of an arbitrary graph is isomorphic to a Steinberg algebra. This in its turn gives that every $K$-algebra with local units which is Morita equivalent to the Leavitt path algebra of a row-countable graph is isomorphic to a Steinberg algebra. Moreover, we prove that a corner by a projection of a $C…
Leavitt path algebras L of an arbitrary graph E over a field K satisfying a polynomial identity are completely characterized both in graph-theoretic and algebraic terms. When E is a finite graph, L satisfying a polynomial identity is shown to be equivalent to the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of L being at most one, though this is no longer true for infinite graphs. It is shown that, for an arbitrary graph E, the Leavitt path algebra L has Gelfand-Kirillov dimension zero if and only if E has no cycles. Likewise, L has Gelfand-Kirillov dimension one if and only if E contains at least one cycle, bu…
We characterise when the Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb{Z}$ of two arbitrary countable directed graphs are $*$-isomorphic by showing that two Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb{Z}$ are $*$-isomorphic if and only if the corresponding graph groupoids are isomorphic (if and only if there is a diagonal preserving isomorphism between the corresponding graph $C^*$-algebras). We also prove that any $*$-homomorphism between two Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb{Z}$ maps the diagonal to the diagonal. Both results hold for slight more general subrings of $\mathbb{C}$ than just $\mathbb{Z}$.
In sharp contrast to the Abrams-Rangaswamy Theorem that the only von Neumann regular Leavitt path algebras are exactly those associated to acyclic graphs, here we prove that the Leavitt path algebra of any arbitrary graph is a graded von Neumann regular ring. Several properties of Leavitt path algebras, such as triviality of the Jacobson radical, flatness of graded modules and finitely generated graded right (left) ideals being generated by an idempotent element, follow as a consequence of general theory of grade von Neumann regular rings.
Let E be an arbitrary graph, K be any field and let L be the corresponding Leavitt path algebra. Necessary and sufficient conditions (which are both algebraic and graphical) are given under which all the irreducible representations of L are finitely presented. In this case, the graph E turns out to be row finite and the cycles in E form an artinian partial ordered set under a defined preorder. When the graph E is finite, the above graphical conditions were shown to be equivalent to the algebra L having finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension in a paper by Alahmadi, Alsulami, Jain and Zelmanov. Examp…
An introduction to Leavitt path algebras of arbitrary directed graphs is presented, and direct limit techniques are developed, with which many results that had previously been proved for countable graphs can be extended to uncountable ones. Such results include characterizations of simplicity, characterizations of the exchange property, and cancellation conditions for the K-theoretic monoid of equivalence classes of idempotent matrices.
In this paper, we give a complete characterization of Leavitt path algebras which are graded $Σ$-$V$ rings, that is, rings over which a direct sum of arbitrary copies of any graded simple module is graded injective. Specifically, we show that a Leavitt path algebra $L$ over an arbitrary graph $E$ is a graded $Σ$-$V$ ring if and only if it is a subdirect product of matrix rings of arbitrary size but with finitely many non-zero entries over $K$ or $K[x,x^{-1}]$ with appropriate matrix gradings. We also obtain a graphical characterization of such a graded $Σ$-$V$ ring $L$% . When the graph $E$ is…
We show that, for an arbitrary graph, a regular ideal of the associated Leavitt path algebra is also graded. As a consequence, for a row-finite graph, we obtain that the quotient of the associated Leavitt path by a regular ideal is again a Leavitt path algebra and that Condition~(L) is preserved by quotients by regular ideals. Furthermore, we describe the vertex set of a regular ideal and make a comparison between the theory of regular ideals in Leavitt path algebras and in graph C*-algebras.
We relate two conjectures which have been raised for classification of Leavitt path algebras. For purely infinite simple unital Leavitt path algebras, it is conjectured that K_0 classifies them completely. For arbitrary Leavitt path algebras, it is conjectured that K^{\gr}_0 classifies them completely \cite{hazann}. We show that for two finite graphs with no sinks (which their associated Leavitt path algebras include the purely infinite simple ones) if their K^{\gr}_0-groups of their Leavitt path algebras are isomorphic then their K_0-groups are isomorphic as well.
Let E be an arbitrary directed graph and let K be any field. It is shown that the Leavitt path algebra A of the graph E over the field K is a Zorn ring if and only if the graph E satisfies the Condition (L), that is, every cycle in E has an exit. It is also shown that the Leavitt path algebra A is a weakly regular ring if and only if every homomorphic image of A is a Zorn ring. The corresponding statement for graph C*-algebras is also investigated.
We construct some irreducible representations of the Leavitt path algebra of an arbitrary quiver. The constructed representations are associated to certain algebraic branching systems. For a row-finite quiver, we classify algebraic branching systems, to which irreducible representations of the Leavitt path algebra are associated. For a certain quiver, we obtain a faithful completely reducible representation of the Leavitt path algebra. The twisted representations of the constructed ones under the scaling action are studied.
This survey of the recent developments in the investigations of a Leavitt path algebra L of an arbitrary graph E over a field K consists of two parts. In the first part describes how very often a single graph property of E implies multiple ring properties of L, thus making Leavitt path algebras effective tools in constructing rings of various desirable properties. The second part describes methods of constructing simple modules over L and characterizes Leavitt path algebras all of whose simple modules possess some specific properties such as being flat, finitely presented,being graded, injecti…
We investigate the ascending Loewy socle series of Leavitt path algebras $L_K(E)$ for an arbitrary graph $E$ and field $K$. We classify those graphs $E$ for which $L_K(E)=S_λ$ for some element $S_λ$ of the Loewy socle series. We then show that for any ordinal $λ$ there exists a graph $E$ so that the Loewy length of $L_K(E)$ is $λ$. Moreover, $λ\leq ω$ (the first infinite ordinal) if $E$ is a row-finite graph.
Irreducible representations of both Leavitt and Cohn path algebras of an arbitrary digraph with coefficients in a commutative field is classified. They are constructed in several ways using both infinite paths on the right as well as direct limits or factors of one-sided projective ideals of the ordinary quiver algebra, respectively. Furthermore, their defining relations are described, too, whence criterions are easily given when they are finitely presented or finite dimensional. Moreover, their endomorphism rings, annihilator primitive ideals are also computed directly. In particular, the car…
Given an arbitrary graph, we describe the center of its Leavitt path algebra over a commutative unital ring. Our proof uses the Steinberg algebra model of the Leavitt path algebra. A key ingredient is a characterization of compact open invariant subsets of the unit space of the graph groupoid in terms of the underlying graph: an open invariant subset is compact if and only if its associated hereditary and saturated set of vertices satisfies Condition (F). We also give a basis of the center. Its cardinality depends on the number of minimal compact open invariant subsets of the unit space.
Semiprime ideals of an arbitrary Leavitt path algebra L are described in terms of their generators. This description is then used to show that the semiprime ideals form a complete sublattice of the lattice of ideals of L, and they enjoy a certain gap property identified by Kaplansky in prime spectra of commutative rings. It is also shown that the totally ordered sets that can be realized as prime spectra of Leavitt path algebras are precisely those that have greatest lower bounds on subchains and enjoy the aforementioned gap property. Finally, it is shown that a conjecture of Kaplansky regardi…
Several constructions on directed graphs originating in the study of flow equivalence in symbolic dynamics (e.g., splittings and delays) are known to preserve the Morita equivalence class of Leavitt path algebras over any coefficient field F. We prove that many of these equivalence results are not only independent of F, but are largely independent of linear algebra altogether. We do this by formulating and proving generalisations of these equivalence theorems in which the category of F-vector spaces is replaced by an arbitrary category with binary coproducts, showing that the Morita equivalenc…
Let $E$ be an arbitrary graph and $K$ be any field. We construct various classes of non-isomorphic simple modules over the Leavitt path algebra $L_{K}(E)$ induced by vertices which are infinite emiters, closed paths which are exclusive cycles and paths which are infinite, and call these simple modules Chen modules. It is shown that every primitive ideal of $L_{K}(E)$ can be realized as the annihilator ideal of some Chen module. Our main result establishes the equivalence between a graph theoretic condition and various conditions concerning the structure of simple modules over $L_K(E)$.
Given an arbitrary graph E and any field K, a new class of simple left modules over the Leavitt path algebra L of the graph E over K is constructed by using vertices that emit infinitely many edges. The corresponding annihilating primitive ideals are described and is used to show that these new class of simple L-modules are different from(that is non-isomorphic to) any of the previously known simple modules. Using a Boolean subring of idempotents induced by paths in E, bounds for the cardinality of the set of distinct isomorphism classes of simple L-modules are given. We also append other info…
Let $E$ be an arbitrary (countable) graph and let $R$ be a unital commutative ring. We analyze the ideal structure of the Leavitt path algebra $\lr$ introduced by Mark Tomforde. We first modify the definition of basic ideals and we then develop the ideal characterization of Mark Tomforde. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for the primeness and the primitivity of $\lr$. Then by applying these results we determine prime graded basic ideals and left (or right) primitive graded ideals of $\lr$. In particular, we show that when $E$ satisfies Condition (K) and $R$ is a field, the set …
Let $E$ be an arbitrary directed graph and let $L$ be the Leavitt path algebra of the graph $E$ over a field $K$. It is shown that every ideal of $L$ is an intersection of primitive/prime ideals in $L$ if and only if the graph $E$ satisfies Condition (K). Uniqueness theorems in representing an ideal of $L$ as an irredundant intersection and also as an irredundant product of finitely many prime ideals are established. Leavitt path algebras containing only finitely many prime ideals and those in which every ideal is prime are described. Powers of a single ideal $I$ are considered and it is shown…
The author has previously associated to each commutative ring with unit $R$ and étale groupoid $\mathscr G$ with locally compact, Hausdorff and totally disconnected unit space an $R$-algebra $R\mathscr G$. In this paper we characterize when $R\mathscr G$ is Noetherian and when it is Artinian. As corollaries, we extend the characterization of Abrams, Aranda~Pino and Siles~Molina of finite dimensional and of Noetherian Leavitt path algebras over a field to arbitrary commutative coefficient rings and we recover the characterization of Okniński of Noetherian inverse semigroup algebras and of Zelma…
Using the E-algebraic systems, various graded irreducible representations of a Leavitt path algebra L of a graph E over a field K are constructed. The concept of a Laurent vertex is introduced and it is shown that the minimal graded left ideals of L are generated by Laurent vertices and/or line points leading to a detailed description of the graded socle of L. Following this, a complete characterization is obtained of the Leavitt path algebras over which every graded irreducible representation is finitely presented. A useful result is that the irreducible representation V_[p] induced by infini…
Let $E$ be an arbitrary directed graph and let $L$ be the Leavitt path algebra of the graph $E$ over a field $K$. The necessary and sufficient con- ditions are given to assure the existence of a maximal ideal in $L$ and also the necessary and sufficient conditions on the graph which assure that every ideal is contained in a maximal ideal is given. It is shown that if a maximal ideal $M$ of $L$ is non-graded, then the largest graded ideal in $M$ , namely $gr(M )$, is also maximal among the graded ideals of $L$. Moreover, if $L$ has a unique maximal ideal $M$ , then $M$ must be a graded ideal. T…
Given a directed graph $E$ and an associative unital ring $R$ one may define the Leavitt path algebra with coefficients in $R$, denoted by $L_R(E)$. For an arbitrary group $G$, $L_R(E)$ can be viewed as a $G$-graded ring. In this article, we show that $L_R(E)$ is always nearly epsilon-strongly $G$-graded. We also show that if $E$ is finite, then $L_R(E)$ is epsilon-strongly $G$-graded. We present a new proof of Hazrat's characterization of strongly $\mathbb{Z}$-graded Leavitt path algebras, when $E$ is finite. Moreover, if $E$ is row-finite and has no source, then we show that $L_R(E)$ is stro…
Let E be an arbitrary directed graph with no restrictions on the number of vertices and edges and let K be any field. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the Leavitt path algebra L_K(E) to be of countable irreducible representation type, that is, we determine when L_K(E)has at most countably many distinct isomorphism classes of simple left L_K(E-modules. It is also shown that L_K(E) has dinitely many isomorphism classes of simple left modules if and only if L_K(E) is a semi-artinian von Neumann regular ring with at most finitely many ideals. Equivalent conditions on the graph E are…
Given an arbitrary graph $E$ we investigate the relationship between $E$ and the groupoid $G_E$. We show that there is a lattice isomorphism between the lattice of pairs $(H, S)$, where $H$ is a hereditary and saturated set of vertices and $S$ is a set of breaking vertices {associated to $H $}, onto the lattice of open invariant subsets of $G_E^{(0)}$. We use this lattice isomorphism to characterize the decomposability of the Leavitt path algebra $L_K(E)$, where $K$ is a field. First we find a graph condition to characterise when an open invariant subset of $G_E^{(0)}$ is closed. Then we give …
Let $S$ be a partial groupoid, that is, a set with a partial binary operation. An $S$-graded ring $R$ is said to be graded von Neumann regular if $x\in xRx$ for every homogeneous element $x\in R.$ Under the assumption that $S$ is cancellative, we characterize $S$-graded rings which are graded von Neumann regular. If a ring is $S$-graded von Neumann regular, and if $S$ is cancellative, then $S$ is such that for every $s\in S,$ there exist $s^{-1}\in S$ and idempotent elements $e,$ $f\in S$ for which $es=sf=s,$ $fs^{-1}=s^{-1}e=s^{-1},$ $ss^{-1}=e$ and $s^{-1}s=f,$ which is a property enjoyed by…
Let L be the Leavitt path algebra of an arbitrary directed graph E over a field K. This survey article describes how this highly non-commutative ring L shares a number of the characterizing properties of a Dedekind domain or a Prüfer domain expressed in terms of their ideal lattices. Special types of ideals such as the prime, the primary, the irreducible and the radical ideals of L are described by means of the graphical properties of E. The existence and the uniqueness of the factorization of a non-zero ideal of L as an irredundant product of prime or primary or irreducible ideals is establis…
It is shown that every Leavitt path algebra L of an arbitrary directed graph E over a field K is an arithmetical ring, that is, the two-sided ideals of L form a distributive lattice. It is also shown that L is a multiplication ring, that is, given any two ideals A,B in L with A inside B, there is always an ideal C such that A = BC, an indication of a possible rich multiplicative ideal theory for L. Existence and uniqueness of factorization of the ideals of L as products of special types of ideals such as prime, irreducible or primary ideals is investigated. It turns out that the irreducible id…
If $E$ is a not-necessarily row-finite graph, such that each vertex of $E$ emits at most countably many edges, then a {\it desingularization} $F$ of $E$ can be constructed (see e.g. (1) G. Abrams, G. Aranda Pino, Leavitt path algebras of arbitrary graphs, Houston J. Math 34(2) (2008), 423-442, or (2) I. Raeburn, "Graph algebras". CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics 103, Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, Washington, DC, 2005, ISBN 0-8218-3660-9). The desingularization process has been effectively used to establish various characteristics of the Leavitt path algebras of n…
We introduce a graded homology theory for graded étale groupoids. For $\mathbb Z$-graded groupoids, we establish an exact sequence relating the graded zeroth-homology to non-graded one. Specialising to the arbitrary graph groupoids, we prove that the graded zeroth homology group with constant coefficients $\mathbb Z$ is isomorphic to the graded Grothendieck group of the associated Leavitt path algebra. To do this, we consider the diagonal algebra of the Leavitt path algebra of the covering graph of the original graph and construct the group isomorphism directly. Considering the trivial grading…
We show the reduced $C^*$-algebra of a graded ample groupoid is a strongly graded $C^*$-algebra if and only if the corresponding Steinberg algebra is a strongly graded ring. We apply this result to get a theorem about the Leavitt path algebra and $C^*$-algebra of an arbitrary graph.
We investigate the algebra of a Hausdorff ample groupoid, introduced by Steinberg, over a commutative semiring S. In particular, we obtain a complete characterization of congruence-simpleness for such Steinberg algebras, extending the well-known characterizations when S is a field or a commutative ring. We also provide a criterion for the Steinberg algebra of the graph groupoid associated to an arbitrary graph to be congruence-simple. Motivated by a result of Clark and Sims, we show that, over the Boolean semifield, the natural homomorphism from the Leavitt path algebra to the Steinberg algebr…
We prove that an isomorphism of graded Grothendieck groups $K^{gr}_0$ of two Leavitt path algebras induces an isomorphism of a certain quotient of algebraic filtered $K$-theory and consequently an isomorphism of filtered $K$-theory of their associated graph $C^*$-algebras. As an application, we show that, since for a finite graph $E$ with no sinks, $K^{gr}_0\big(L(E)\big)$ of the Leavitt path algebra $L(E)$ coincides with Krieger's dimension group of its adjacency matrix $A_E$, our result relates the shift equivalence of graphs to the filtered $K$-theory and consequently gives that two arbitra…
