Laura Cattaneo, Domenico D'Alessandro
We study generalized concurrences as a tool to detect the entanglement of bipartite quantum systems. By considering the case of 2 X 4 states of rank 2, we prove that generalized concurrences do not, in general, give a necessary and sufficient condition of separability. We identify a set of entangled states which are undetected by this method.
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A new entanglement measure, which is called D-concurrence, is proposed. Then the upper and lower bounds for D-concurrence are obtained and the relationship between D-concurrence and the usual concurrence of Wootters was established. In addition, comparing with the usual concurrence, D-concurrence has some special merits.
We derive an experimentally observable lower bound on concurrence of mixed quantum states in terms of an entanglement witness, relating measurements on single states with those on two copies.
We show that each entanglement witness detecting given bipartite entangled state provides an estimation of its concurrence. We illustrate our result with several well known examples of entanglement witnesses and compare the corresponding estimation of concurrence with other estimations provided by the trace norm of partial transposition and realignment.
Two measures of entanglement, negativity and concurrence are studied for two arbitrary qudits. We obtain negativity as an expectation value of an operator. The differences of the squares of negativity and concurrence are invariants of multilevel entanglement. Explicit results for qutrits and quadrits are obtained.
A note on the lower bounds of genuine multipartite entanglement concurrence
本文研究真正多体纠缠并发度的下界，通过推导其与二分及多体纠缠并发度的关系，提出更优下界，并探讨其与其他纠缠度量的联系。
We establish a relation between concurrence and entanglement witnesses. In particular, we construct entanglement witnesses for three-qubit W and GHZ states in terms of concurrence and different set of operators that generate it. We also generalize our construction for multi-qubit states.
An entanglement monotone, which is invariant under the determinant 1 SLOCC operations and measures the true quadripartite entanglement, is explicitly constructed.
Probabilities of measurement outcomes of two-particle entangled states give a physically transparent interpretation of the concurrence and of the I-concurrence as entanglement measures. The (I)-concurrence can thus be measured experimentally. The tight connection between these measures and Bell inequalities is highlighted.
We discuss a kind of generalized concurrence for a class of high dimensional quantum pure states such that the entanglement of formation is a monotonically increasing convex function of the generalized concurrence. An analytical expression of the entanglement of formation for a class of high dimensional quantum mixed states is obtained.
We give explicit expressions for entanglement measures of Werner states in arbitrary dimensions in terms of concurrence and tangle. We show that an optimal ensemble decomposition for a joint density matrix of a Werner state can achieve the minimum average concurrence and tangle simultaneously. Furthermore, the same decomposition also attains entanglement of formation for Werner states.
Genuine-multipartite-entanglement (GME) concurrence is a measure of genuine multipartite entanglement that generalizes the well-known notion of concurrence. We define an observable for GME concurrence. The observable permits us to avoid full state tomography and leads to different analytic lower bounds. By means of explicit examples we show that entanglement criteria based on the bounds have a better performance with respect to the known methods.
In this Brief Report we show the relation between three-qubit entanglement invariants and two-qubit concurrence with the help of projective measurements. How to use these invariants to represent the entanglement property of three-qubit pure states is also investigated.
We consider the maximum bipartite entanglement that can be distilled from a single copy of a multipartite mixed entangled state, where we focus mostly on $d\times d\times n$-dimensional tripartite mixed states. We show that this {\em assisted entanglement}, when measured in terms of the generalized concurrence (named G-concurrence) is (tightly) bounded by an entanglement monotone, which we call the G-concurrence of assistance. The G-concurrence is one of the possible generalizations of the concurrence to higher dimensions, and for pure bipartite states it measures the {\em geometric mean} of t…
We discuss the monotonicity under local operations and classical communication (LOCC) of systematically constructed quantities aiming at quantification of entanglement properties of multipartite quantum systems. The so-called generalized multipartite concurrences can qualify as legitimate entanglement measures if they are monotonous under LOCC. In the paper we give a necessary and sufficient criterion for their monotonicity.
The problems of genuine multipartite entanglement detection and classification are challenging. We show that a multipartite quantum state is genuine multipartite entangled if the multipartite concurrence is larger than certain quantities given by the number and the dimension of the subsystems. This result also provides a classification of various genuine multipartite entanglement. Then, we present a lower bound of the multipartite concurrence in terms of bipartite concurrences. While various operational approaches are available for providing lower bounds of bipartite concurrences, our results …
We define the concurrence hierarchy as d-1 independent invariants under local unitary transformations in d-level quantum system. The first one is the original concurrence defined by Wootters et al in 2-level quantum system and generalized to d-level pure quantum states case. We propose to use this concurrence hierarchy as measurement of entanglement. This measurement does not increase under local quantum operations and classical communication.
We obtain a simplified and obvious expression of "concurrence" in Wootters' measure of entanglement of a pair of qubits having no more than two non-zero eigenvalues in terms of concurrences of eigenstates and their simple combinations. It not only simplifies the calculation of Wootters' measure of entanglement, but also reveals some its general and important features. Our conclusions are helpful to understand and use quantum entanglement further.
Monogamy of entanglement is generally discussed using a bipartite entanglement measure as an upper bound. Here we discuss a new kind of monogamous relation where the upper bound is given by a multipartite measure of entanglement, the generalized concurrence. We show a new monogamous equality involving the multipartite concurrence, all the bipartite concurrences and the genuine tripartite entanglement for pure three qubits system. The result extends to mixed states in an inequality involving the generalized concurrence and all the bipartite concurrences. We provide a counter-example showing tha…
In this article we investigate the unitary dynamics of squashed entanglement and concurrence measures in Werner state and maximally entangled mixed states (MEMS) under two different Hamiltonians. The aim of the present study is two fold. The first part of the study deals with the dynamics under Heisenberg Hamiltonian and the second part deals under bi-linear bi-quadratic Hamiltonian which is the extension of first Hamiltonian. In both the parts we investigate the dynamical trade off and balancing points for squashed entanglement and concurrence. During the study, we also found the results of e…
In this paper we investigate two different entanglement measures in the case of mixed states of two qubits. We prove that the negativity of a state can never exceed its concurrence and is always larger then $\sqrt{(1-C)^2+C^2}-(1-C)$ where $C$ is the concurrence of the state. Furthermore we derive an explicit expression for the states for which the upper or lower bound is satisfied. Finally we show that similar results hold if the relative entropy of entanglement and the entanglement of formation are compared.
The concurrence vectors are proposed by employing the fundamental representation of $A_n$ Lie algebra, which provides a clear criterion to evaluate the entanglement of bipartite system of arbitrary dimension for both pure and mixed states. Accordingly, a state is separable if the norm of its concurrence vector vanishes. The state vectors related to SU(3) states and SO(3) states are discussed in detail. The sign situation of nonzero components of concurrence vectors of entangled bases presents a simple criterion to judge whether the whole Hilbert subspace spanned by those bases is entangled, or…
Concurrence and further entanglement quantifyers can be computed explicitly for channels of rank two if representable by just two Kraus operators. Almost all details are available for the subclass of rank two 1-qubit-channels. There is a simple geometric picture beyond, explaining nicely the role of anti-linearity.
We study the role of average concurrence in entanglement swapping in quantum networks. We begin with qubit pure states, and there is a very simple rule governing the propagation of average concurrence in multiple swaps. We look at examples of mixed qubit states, and find the relation for pure states gives an upper bound on what is possible with mixed states. We then move on to qudits, where we make use of the I-concurrence. Here the situation is not as simple as for qubits, but in some cases relatively straightforward results can be obtained.
Quantum entanglement approaching with concurrence in the presence of chaos
本研究利用并发度表征二分系统动力学，通过量子 kicked top 模型分析纠缠的混沌特性，并基于约化密度矩阵特征值区分规则与混沌行为，依赖于激发强度。
We extend the definition of concurrence into a family of entanglement monotones, which we call concurrence monotones. We discuss their properties and advantages as computational manageable measures of entanglement, and show that for pure bipartite states all measures of entanglement can be written as functions of the concurrence monotones. We then show that the concurrence monotones provide bounds on quantum information tasks. As an example, we discuss their applications to remote entanglement distributions (RED) such as entanglement swapping and remote preparation of bipartite entangled state…
In this paper we explore the non-monotonic nature of entanglement of formation with respect to concurrence for pure bipartite states. For pure bipartite system, one of the basic physical reason of this non-monotonicity character is due to the existence of incomparable states, i.e., the pure bipartite states which are not convertible to each other by LOCC with certainty.
A new entanglement measure based on the total concurrence
本文提出基于总纠缠度的新纠缠度量$\mathcal{C}^{t}_q$和$\mathcal{C}^{t}_α$，并推导了其解析表达式和下界，研究了其在双ubit系统中的结合关系。
Tetrahedron genuine entanglement measure of four-qubit systems
针对四量子比特系统，本文利用九类SLOCC封闭态的concurrence构造concurrence四面体，并以其体积定义真纠缠测度，可分类双可分纠缠且不同于现有真四体concurrence。
We propose two classes of the generalized concurrence vectors of the multipartite systems consisting of qubits. Making use of them, we are able to, respectively, describe and quantify GHZ-class and W-class entanglement both in total and between arbitrary two partite in the multipartite system consisting of qubits. In the case of pure state of three qubits that one partite is separable, it is shown to exactly back to the usual Wootters' concurrence after introduce a whole concurrence vector. In principle, our method is applicable to any $N$-partite systems consisting of $N$ qubits.
Quantum coherence is a fundamental manifestation of the quantum superposition principle. Recently, Baumgratz \emph{et al}. [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{113}, 140401 (2014)] presented a rigorous framework to quantify coherence from the view of theory of physical resource. Here we propose a new valid quantum coherence measure which is a convex roof measure, for a quantum system of arbitrary dimension, essentially using the generalized Gell-Mann matrices. Rigorous proof shows that the proposed coherence measure fulfills all the requirements dictated by the resource theory of quantum coherence measur…
G_q-concurrence and entanglement constraints in multiqubit systems
本文提出$G_q$-并发度作为并发度的推广，证明其满足纠缠度量公理，并利用其平方的单夫不等式构造纠缠指示器，以检测多量子比特系统中的真正纠缠态。
In this work we propose the geometric mean of bipartite concurrences as a genuine multipartite entanglement measure. This measure achieves the maximum value for absolutely maximally entangled states and has desirable properties for quantifying potential quantum resources. The simplicity and symmetry in the definition facilitates its computation for various multipartite entangled states including the GHZ states and the $W$ states. With explicit examples we show that our measure results in distinct entanglement orderings from other measures, and can detect differences in certain types of genuine…
Explicit expressions for the concurrence of all positive and trace-preserving ("stochastic") 1-qubit maps are presented. We construct the relevant convex roof patterns by a new method. We conclude that two component optimal decompositions always exist. Our results can be transferred to 2xN-quantumsystems providing the concurrence for all rank two density operators as well as lower and upper bounds for their entanglement of formation. We apply these results to a study of the entanglement entropy of 1-qubit stochastic maps which preserve axial symmetry. Using analytic and numeric results we anal…
Entanglement, a non-trivial phenomena manifested in composite quantum system, can be served as a new type of physical resource in the emerging technology of quantum information and quantum computation. However, a quantum entanglement is fragile to the environmental-induced decoherence. Here, we present a novel way to prepare a high-concurrence steady-state entanglement of two hole spins in a quantum dot molecular via optical pumping of trion levels. In this scheme, the spontaneous dispassion is used to induce and stabilize the entanglement with rapid rate. It is firstly shown that under certai…
We study the entanglement of a multipartite quantum state. An inequality between the bipartite concurrence and the multipartite concurrence is obtained. More effective lower and upper bounds of the multipartite concurrence are obtained. By using the lower bound, the entanglement of more multipartite states are detected.
Concurrence, introduced by Hill and Wootters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 5022 (1997)], provides an important measure of entanglement for a general pair of qubits that is faithful: strictly positive for entangled states and vanishing for all separable states. Such a measure captures the entire content of entanglement, providing necessary and sufficient conditions for separability. We present an extension of concurrence to multiparticle pure states in arbitrary dimensions by a new framework using the Lagrange's identity and wedge product representation of separability conditions, which coincides with …
Dynamics of Entanglement in Schwarzschild Black Holes
研究Hawking辐射对Schwarzschild黑洞中纠缠的影响，通过纠缠度分析其随Hawking温度的变化，发现可访问区域的纠缠度随Hawking加速度增加而减小，不可访问区域则单调增加，并探讨了三种噪声通道下纠缠度的动力学行为。
We propose a new classification for the entanglement in graph states based on generalized con- currence. The numerical results indicate that the eight different three-qubit graph states in three categories, 64 four-qubit graph states in five categories and 1024 five-qubit graph states are in ten classes. We also compare this classification with equivalence classes of these graph states under local complementation (LC) operator, and the obtained result suggests that classification by generalized concurrence is not in contradiction with the LC-rule.
We provide detailed proofs of triangle inequalities in coherence measures and entanglement concurrence. If a rank-$2$ state $\varrho$ can be expressed as a convex combination of two pure states, i.e., $\varrho=p_{1}|ψ_{1}\rangle\langleψ_{1}|+p_{2}|ψ_{2}\rangle\langleψ_{2}|$, a triangle inequality can be established as $\big{|}E(|Ψ_{1}\rangle)-E(|Ψ_{2}\rangle)\big{|}\leq E(\varrho)\leq E(|Ψ_{1}\rangle)+E(|Ψ_{2}\rangle)$, where $|Ψ_{1}\rangle=\sqrt{p_{1}}|ψ_{1}\rangle$ and $|Ψ_{2}\rangle=\sqrt{p_{2}}|ψ_{2}\rangle$, $E$ can be considered either coherence measures or entanglement concurrence. This…
Interaction with environment may lead to the transition of quantum system from pure state to the mixed one. In this case, the problem of definition of entanglement may arise. In particular, quantitative measure of entanglement concurrence is introduced differently for pure and mixed states. To solve this problem, alternative definition of concurrence of mixed states is introduced in present work. In particular, concurrence of mixed states is determined as an average of pure states concurrences. Averaging is carried out over the quantum ensemble, corresponding to all possible realization of ran…
While the detection of entanglement has been proved already to be quite a difficult task, experimental quantification of entanglement is even more challenging. In this work, we derive an analytical lower bound for the concurrence of a bipartite mix quantum state in arbitrary dimension. The lower bound is experimentally implementable in a feasible way, which enabling quantification of entanglement in a broad variety of cases
We provide an initial characterization of pairwise concurrence in quantum states which are invariant under cyclic permutations of party labeling. We prove that maximal entanglement can be entirely described by adjacent pairs, then give explicit descriptions of those states in specific subsets of 4 and 5 qubit states - X states. We also construct a monogamy bound on shared concurrences in the same subsets in 4 and 5 qubits, finding that above non-maximal entanglement thresholds, no other entanglements are possible.
We propose a novel parameterized entanglement measure $α$-concurrence for bipartite systems. By employing positive partial transposition and realignment criteria, we derive analytical lower bounds for the $α$-concurrence. Moreover, we calculate explicitly the analytic expressions of the $α$-concurrence for isotropic states and Werner states.
We investigate the monogamy relations related to the concurrence and the entanglement of formation. General monogamy inequalities given by the αth power of concurrence and entanglement of formation are presented for N-qubit states. The monogamy relation for entanglement of assistance is also established. Based on these general monogamy relations, the residual entanglement of concurrence and entanglement of formation are studied. Some relations among the residual entanglement, entanglement of assistance, and three tangle are also presented.
We study the quantification of genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) for general multipartite states. A set of inequalities satisfied by the entanglement of $N$-partite pure states is derived by exploiting the restrictions on entanglement distributions, showing that the bipartite entanglement between each part and its remaining ones cannot exceed the sum of the other partners with their remaining ones. Then a series of triangles, named concurrence triangles, are established corresponding to these inequalities. Proper genuine multipartite entanglement measures are thus constructed by using th…
Entanglement generated from polar molecules of two-dimensional rotation is investigated in a static electric field. The electric field modulates the rotational properties of molecules, leading to distinctive entanglement. The concurrence is used to estimate the degree of entanglement. When the electric field is applied parallel or perpendicular to the intermolecular direction, the concurrences reveal two overlapping features. Such a pronounced signature corresponds to the coexistence of all Bell-like states. The characteristics of Bell-like states and overlapping concurrences are kept independ…
The violation of Leggett-Garg inequalities tested the quantumness of neutrino oscillations (NOs) across macroscopic distances. The quantumness can be quantified by using the tools of the quantum resource theories. Recently, a new genuine tripartite entanglement measure [S. B. Xie et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 040403 (2021)], concurrence fill, is defined as the square root of the area of the concurrence triangle satisfying all genuine multipartite entanglement conditions. It has several advantages compared to other existing tripartite measures. Here, we focus on using concurrence fill to quanti…
Two-parameter bipartite entanglement measure
本文提出了一种双参数的双分量纠缠度量，扩展了传统纠缠度量，并揭示了其在多分量系统中的纠缠关系。
We study the entanglement of multipartite quantum states. Some lower bounds of the multipartite concurrence are reviewed. We further present more effective lower bounds for detecting and qualifying entanglement, by establishing functional relations between the concurrence and the generalized partial transpositions of the multipartite systems.
For bipartite quantum states we obtain lower bounds on two important entanglement measures, concurrence and negativity, studying the inequalities for the expectation value of a projector on some subspace of the Hilbert space. Several applications, including analysis of stability of entanglement under various perturbations of a state, are discussed.
Entanglement swapping is gaining widespread attention due to its application in entanglement distribution among different parts of quantum appliances. We investigate the entanglement swapping for pure and noisy systems, and argue different entanglement quantifiers for quantum states. We explore the relationship between the entanglement of initial states and the average entanglement of final states in terms of concurrence and negativity. We find that if initial quantum states are maximally entangled and we make measurements in the Bell basis, then average concurrence and average negativity of f…
The concepts of concurrence and mode concurrence are the measures of entanglement for spin-1/2 and spinless fermion systems respectively. Based on the Jordan-Wigner transformation, any spin-1/2 system is always associated with a fermion system (called counterpart system). The comparison of concurrence and mode concurrence can be made with the aid of the Marshall's sign rule for the ground states of spin-1/2 $XXZ$ and spinless fermion chain systems. We observe that there exists an inequality between concurrence and mode concurrence for the ground states of the two corresponding systems. The spi…
Characterizing entanglement shareability and distribution in $N$-partite systems
本文提出G_q-纠缠度的多边性质，证明其在多粒子系统中优于传统纠缠度，揭示多级纠缠特性。
A note on lower bounds of concurrence for arbitrary dimensional bipartite quantum states
该研究针对量子纠缠量化问题，基于两体量子态关联矩阵提出concurrence与2-concurrence的解析下界，相比现有下界对大纯度态的纠缠估计更优。
We study the concurrence of arbitrary dimensional bipartite quantum systems. An explicit analytical lower bound of concurrence is obtained, which detects entanglement for some quantum states better than some well-known separability criteria, and improves the lower bounds such as from the PPT, realignment criteria and the Breuer's entanglement witness.
Entanglement concurrence has been widely used for featuring entanglement in quantum experiments. As an entanglement monotone it is related to specific quantum Tsallis entropy. Our goal in this paper is to propose a new parameterized bipartite entanglement monotone which is named as $q$-concurrence inspired by general Tsallis entropy. We derive an analytical lower bound for the $q$-concurrence of any bipartite quantum entanglement state by employing positive partial transposition criterion and realignment criterion, which shows an interesting relationship to the strong separability criteria. Th…
Detection of entanglement in bipartite states is a fundamental task in quantum information. The first method to verify entanglement in mixed states was the partial-transpose criterion. Subsequently, numerous quantifiers for bipartite entanglement were introduced, among them concurrence and negativity. Surprisingly, these quantities are often treated as distinct or independent of each other. The aim of this contribution is to highlight the close relations between these concepts, to show the connections between seemingly independent results, and to present various estimates for the mixed-state c…
The parameterized entanglement monotone, the $q$-concurrence, is also a reasonable parameterized entanglement measure. By exploring the properties of the $q$-concurrence with respect to the positive partial transposition and realignment of density matrices, we present tight lower bounds of the $q$-concurrence for arbitrary $q\geqslant 2$. Detailed examples are given to show that the bounds are better than the previous ones.
We obtain an analytical lower bound of entanglement quantified by concurrence for arbitrary bipartite quantum states. It is shown that our bound is tight for some mixed states and is complementary to the previous known lower bounds. On the other hand, it is known that the entanglement monogamy inequality proposed by Coffman, Kundu, and Wootters is in general not true for higher dimensional quantum states. Inducing from the new lower bound of concurrence, we find a proper form of entanglement monogamy inequality for arbitrary quantum states.
Hilbert-Schmidt distance reduces to Euclidean distance in Bell decomposable states. Based on this, entanglement of these states are obtained according to the protocol proposed in Ref. [V. Vedral et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2275 (1995)] with Hilbert-Schmidt distance. It is shown that this measure is equal to the concurrence and thus can be used to generate entanglement of formation. We also introduce a new measure of distance and show that under the action of restricted LQCC operations, the associated measure of entanglement transforms in the same way as the concurrence transforms .
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