We derive a duality relation between one-loop integrals and phase-space integrals emerging from them through single cuts. The duality relation is realized by a modification of the customary +i0 prescription of the Feynman propagators. The new prescription regularizing the propagators, which we write in a Lorentz covariant form, compensates for the absence of multiple-cut contributions that appear in the Feynman Tree Theorem. The duality relation can be applied to generic one-loop quantities in any relativistic, local and unitary field theories. %It is suitable for applications to the analytical calculation of %one-loop scattering amplitudes, and to the numerical evaluation of %cross-sections at next-to-leading order. We discuss in detail the duality that relates one-loop and tree-level Green's functions. We comment on applications to the analytical calculation of one-loop scattering amplitudes, and to the numerical evaluation of cross-sections at next-to-leading order.
We illustrate a duality relation between one-loop integrals and single-cut phase-space integrals. The duality relation is realised by a modification of the customary +i0 prescription of the Feynman propagators. The new prescription regularizing the propagators, which we write in a Lorentz covariant form, compensates for the absence of multiple-cut contributions that appear in the Feynman Tree Theorem. The duality relation can be extended to generic one-loop quantities, such as Green's functions, in any relativistic, local and unitary field theories.
Recently, it has been shown that on-shell scattering amplitudes can be constructed by the Feynman-tree theorem combined with the BCFW recursion relations. Since the BCFW relations are restricted to tree diagrams, the preceding application of the Feynman-tree theorem is essential. In this way amplitudes can be constructed by on-shell and gauge-invariant tree amplitudes. Here we want to apply this method to the electron-photon vertex correction. We present all the single, double, and triple phase-space tensor integrals explicitly and show that the sum of amplitudes coincides with the result of t…
We discuss the duality theorem, which provides a relation between loop integrals and phase space integrals. We rederive the duality relation for the one-loop case and extend it to two and higher-order loops. We explicitly show its application to two- and three-loop scalar master integrals and discuss the structure of the occurring cuts.
Recently it has been shown that in gauge theories amplitudes to any perturbation order can be obtained by glueing together simple three-point on-shell amplitudes. These three-point amplitudes in turn are fixed by locality and Lorentz invariance. This factorization into three-point on-shell amplitudes follows from the BCFW recursion relations and the Feynman-tree theorem. In an explicit example, that is, the four-gluon amplitude with all plus helicities, we illustrate the method. In conventional calculation this amplitude corresponds to one-loop box diagrams.
We show how to apply the BCFW recursion relation to Feynman loop integrals with the help of the Feynman-tree theorem. We deconstruct in this way all Feynman diagrams in terms of on-shell subamplitudes. Every cut originating from the Feynman-tree theorem corresponds to an integration over the phase space of an unobserved particle pair. We argue that we can calculate scattering amplitudes alternatively by the construction of on-shell and gauge-invariant subamplitudes.
The numerical evaluation of multi-loop scattering amplitudes in the Feynman representation usually requires to deal with both physical (causal) and unphysical (non-causal) singularities. The loop-tree duality (LTD) offers a powerful framework to easily characterise and distinguish these two types of singularities, and then simplify analytically the underling expressions. In this paper, we work explicitly on the dual representation of multi-loop Feynman integrals generated from three parent topologies, which we refer to as Maximal, Next-to-Maximal and Next-to-Next-to-Maximal loop topologies. In…
We report on a new method for the numerical evaluation of loop integrals, based on the Feynman Tree Theorem. The loop integrals are replaced by phase-space integration over fictitious extra on-shell particles. This integration can be performed alongside with the Monte-Carlo integration of ordinary phase-space, directly leading to NLO event generation.
We discuss briefly the first numerical implementation of the Loop-Tree Duality (LTD) method. We apply the LTD method in order to calculate ultraviolet and infrared finite multi-leg one-loop Feynman integrals. We attack scalar and tensor integrals with up to six legs (hexagons). The LTD method shows an excellent performance independently of the number of external legs.
We argue that generic one-loop scattering amplitudes in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories can be computed equivalently with MHV diagrams or with Feynman diagrams. We first present a general proof of the covariance of one-loop non-MHV amplitudes obtained from MHV diagrams. This proof relies only on the local character in Minkowski space of MHV vertices and on an application of the Feynman Tree Theorem. We then show that the discontinuities of one-loop scattering amplitudes computed with MHV diagrams are precisely the same as those computed with standard methods. Furthermore, we analyse colline…
We describe the explicit construction of groves, the smallest gauge invariant classes of tree Feynman diagrams in gauge theories. The construction is valid for gauge theories with any number of group factors which may be mixed. It requires no summation over a complete gauge group multiplet of external matter fields. The method is therefore suitable for defining gauge invariant classes of Feynman diagrams for processes with many observed final state particles in the standard model and its extensions.
We present a new method for the numerical evaluation of loop integrals which is based on the Feynman Tree Theorem. The loop integrals are replaced by phase-space integration over fictitious extra on-shell particles. This integration can be performed alongside with the Monte-Carlo integration of ordinary phase space, avoiding the time-consuming nesting of loop evaluation inside the integrand, and directly leading to NLO event generation. We systematically construct subtractions, necessary to cancel both ultraviolet divergences and the extra threshold singularities in phase-space which arise in …
The duality relation between one-loop integrals and phase-space integrals, developed in a previous work, is extended to higher-order loops. The duality relation is realized by a modification of the customary +i0 prescription of the Feynman propagators, which compensates for the absence of the multiple-cut contributions that appear in the Feynman tree theorem. We rederive the duality theorem at one-loop order in a form that is more suitable for its iterative extension to higher-loop orders. We explicitly show its application to two- and three-loop scalar master integrals, and we discuss the str…
The integrand of any multi-loop integral is characterised after Feynman parametrisation by two polynomials. In this review we summarise the properties of these polynomials. Topics covered in this article include among others: Spanning trees and spanning forests, the all-minors matrix-tree theorem, recursion relations due to contraction and deletion of edges, Dodgson's identity and matroids.
We review the recent developments of the Loop-Tree Duality method, focussing our discussion on the first numerical implementation and its use in the direct numerical computation of multi-leg Feynman integrals. Non-trivial examples are presented.
In this review, we discuss recent developments concerning efficient calculations of multi-loop multi-leg scattering amplitudes. Inspired by the remarkable properties of the Loop-Tree Duality (LTD), we explain how to reconstruct an integrand level representation of scattering amplitudes which only contains physical singularities. These so-called causal representations can be derived from connected binary partitions of Feynman diagrams, properly entangled according to specific rules. We will focus on the detection of flux orientations which are compatible with causality, describing the implement…
We relate a $l$-loop Feynman integral to a sum of phase space integrals, where the integrands are determined by the spanning trees of the original $l$-loop graph. Causality requires that the propagators of the trees have a modified $iδ$-prescription and we present a simple formula for the correct $iδ$-prescription.
The loop-tree duality (LTD) has become a novelty alternative to bootstrap the numerical evaluation of multi-loop scattering amplitudes. It has indeed been found that Feynman integrands, after the application of LTD, display a representation containing only physical information, the so-called causal representation. In this talk, we discuss the all-loop causal representation of multi-loop Feynman integrands, recently found in terms of features that describe a loop topology, vertices and edges. Likewise, in order to elucidate the numerical stability in LTD integrands, we present applications that…
A proof-of-concept application of a quantum algorithm to multiloop Feynman integrals in the Loop-Tree Duality (LTD) framework is applied to a representative four-loop topology. Bootstrapping causality in the LTD formalism, is a suitable problem to address with quantum computers given the straightforward possibility to encode the two on-shell states of a propagator on the two states of a qubit. A modification of Grover's quantum search algorithm is developed and the quantum algorithm is successfully implemented on IBM Quantum and QUTE simulators.
In a recent paper we introduced the chirality-flow formalism, a method for simple and transparent calculations of Feynman diagrams based on the left- and right-chiral $\mathrm{sl}(2,\mathbb{C})$ nature of spacetime. While our previous work focused on massless QED and QCD at tree-level, we here extend the chirality-flow formalism to the full (tree-level) Standard Model, including massive particles and electroweak interactions -- for which the $W$-interaction simplifies elegantly due to its chiral nature. We illustrate how values of Feynman diagrams can be immediately written down with some repr…
The Loop-Tree Duality (LTD) theorem is an innovative technique to deal with multi-loop scattering amplitudes, leading to integrand-level representations over an Euclidean space. In this article, we review the last developments concerning this framework, focusing on the manifestly causal representation of multi-loop Feynman integrals and scattering amplitudes, and the definition of dual local counter-terms to cancel infrared singularities.
Loop-tree duality allows to express virtual contributions in terms of phase-space integrals, thus leading to a direct comparison with real radiation terms. In this talk, we review the basis of the method and describe its application to regularize Feynman integrals. Performing an integrand-level combination of real and virtual terms, we obtain finite contributions that can be computed in four-dimensions. Moreover, this method provides a natural physical interpretation of infrared singularities, their origin and the way that they cancel in the complete computation.
We present a novel benchmark application of a quantum algorithm to Feynman loop integrals. The two on-shell states of a Feynman propagator are identified with the two states of a qubit and a quantum algorithm is used to unfold the causal singular configurations of multiloop Feynman diagrams. To identify such configurations, we exploit Grover's algorithm for querying multiple solutions over unstructured datasets, which presents a quadratic speed-up over classical algorithms when the number of solutions is much smaller than the number of possible configurations. A suitable modification is introd…
We discuss the enumeration of Feynman diagrams at tree order for processes with external lines of different types. We show how this can be done by iterating algebraic Schwinger-Dyson equations. Asymptotic estimates for very many external lines are derived. Applications include QED, QCD and scalar QED, and the asymptotic estimates are numerically confronted with the exact results.
A way to efficiently compute helicity amplitudes for arbitrary tree-level scattering processes in QCD is presented. The scattering amplitude is evaluated recursively through a set of Dyson-Schwinger equations. The computational cost of this algorithm grows asymptotically as 3^n, where n is the number of particles involved in the process, compared to n! in the traditional Feynman graphs approach. Unitary gauge is used and mass effects are available as well. Additionally,the color and helicity structures are appropriately transformed so the usual summation is replaced by the Monte Carlo techniqu…
The Loop-Tree Duality (LTD) is a novel perturbative method in QFT that establishes a relation between loop-level and tree-level scattering amplitudes. This is achieved by directly applying the Residue Theorem to the loop-energy-integration. The result is a sum over all possible single cuts of the Feynman diagram in consideration integrated over a modified phase space. These single-cut integrals, called Dual contributions, are in fact tree-level objects and thus give rise to the opportunity of bringing loop- and tree-contributions together, treating them simultaneously in a common Monte Carlo e…
In a few recent papers we introduced the chirality-flow formalism, which was shown to make calculations of tree-level Feynman diagrams simple and transparent. Chirality flow, which is based on the spinor-helicity formalism, allows to often immediately analytically write down a tree-level Feynman diagram in terms of spinor inner products. In this paper, we argue that there is also a significant simplification of the Lorentz structure at the one-loop level, at least when using the four-dimensional formulation of the four-dimensional helicity scheme. Additionally, we find that the possible terms …
The minimum supersymmetric standard model with bilinear R-parity violation is studied systematically. Considering low-energy supersymmetry, we examine the structure of the bilinear R-parity violating model carefully. We analyze the mixing such as Higgs bosons with sleptons, neutralinos with neutrinos and charginos with charged leptons in the model. Possible and some important physics results such as the lightest Higgs may heavy than the weak Z-boson at tree level etc are obtained. The Feynman rules for the model are derived in $'$t Hooft- Feynman gauge, which is convenient if perturbative calc…
The propagator of a virtual $ϕ$-field with emission of $n$ on-mass-shell particles all being exactly at rest is calculated at the tree-level in $λϕ^4$ theory by directly solving recursion equations for the sum of Feynman graphs. It is shown that the generating function for these propagators is equivalent to a Fourier transform of the recently found Green's function within the background-field technique for summing graphs at threshold suggested by Lowell Brown. Also the derivation of the result that the tree-level on-mass-shell scattering amplitudes of the processes $2 \to n$ are exactly vanish…
The Loop-Tree Duality (LTD) is a novel perturbative method in QFT that establishes a relation between loop-level and tree-level amplitudes, which gives rise to the idea of treating them simultaneously in a common Monte Carlo. Initially introduced for one-loop scalar integrals, the applicability of the LTD has been expanded to higher order loops and Feynman graphs beyond simple poles. For the first time, a numerical implementation relying on the LTD was realized in the form of a computer program that calculates one-loop scattering amplitudes. We present details on the employed contour deformati…
First results towards a general method for asymptotic expansions of Feynman amplitudes in the loop-tree duality (LTD) formalism are presented. The asymptotic expansion takes place at integrand-level in the Euclidean space of the loop three-momentum, where the hierarchies among internal and external scales are well-defined. Additionally, the UV behaviour of the individual contributions to the asymptotic expansion emerges only in the first terms of the expansion and is renormalized locally in four space-time dimensions. These two properties represent an advantage over the method of Expansion by …
We present a first numerical implementation of the Loop-Tree Duality (LTD) method for the direct numerical computation of multi-leg one-loop Feynman integrals. We discuss in detail the singular structure of the dual integrands and define a suitable contour deformation in the loop three-momentum space to carry out the numerical integration. Then, we apply the LTD method to the computation of ultraviolet and infrared finite integrals, and present explicit results for scalar integrals with up to five external legs (pentagons) and tensor integrals with up to six legs (hexagons). The LTD method fea…
