Eyo Eyo Ita
In this paper we demonstrate closure of the quantum algebra of Hamiltonian constraints in a theory directly related to a certain sector of general relativity reduced to diagonal variables.
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The Hamiltonian analysis of the self-dual gauge gravity theory is carried out. The resulting canonical structure is equivalent to that of self-dual gravity.
We present the Hamiltonian formulation of the Ghost Free Mimetic Massive Gravity theory. The linearized theory is studied and the Hamiltonian equations of motion are analyzed. Poisson brackets are computed and closure is proved. To prove that this theory is ghost-free, the number of degrees of freedom is analyzed showing that we have only five degrees of freedom.
In this work the definition of a quasilocal energy for four dimensional first order gravity is developed. Using this an action principle which is adequate for the canonical ensemble is obtained. The microcanonical action principle is obtained as well.
As in the case of Lanczos-Lovelock gravity, the main advantage of F(T) gravity is said to be that it leads to second order field equations, while F(R) gravity theory leads to fourth order equations. We show that it is rather a disadvantage, since it leads to the unresolved issue of `Branched Hamiltonian'. The problem is bypassed in F(R,T) gravity theory.
We construct a Hamiltonian for the nonlocal F(R) theory in the present work. By this construction, we demonstrate the nature of the ghost degrees of freedom. Finally, we find conditions that give rise to ghost-free theories
We perform the Hamiltonian analysis of unimodular gravity in terms of the connection representation. The unimodular condition is imposed straightforwardly into the action with a Lagrange multiplier. After classifying constraints into first class and second class, the canonical quantization is carried out. We consider the difference of the corresponding physical states between unimodular gravity and general relativity.
A crucial property of Weyl gravity is its conformal invariance. It is shown how this gauge symmetry is exactly reflected by the two constraints in the Hamiltonian framework. Since the spatial 3-metric is one of the configuration variables, the phase space of Weyl gravity can be extended to include internal gauge freedom by triad formalism. Moreover, by canonical transformations, we obtain two new Hamiltonian formulations of Weyl gravity with an SU(2) connection as one of its configuration variables. The connection-dynamical formalisms lay the foundation to quantize Weyl gravity nonperturbative…
A generalization of two recently proposed general relativity Hamiltonians, to the case of a general (d+1)-dimensional dilaton gravity theory in a manifold with a timelike or spacelike outer boundary, is presented.
Hamiltonian analysis for new massive gravity
该论文对三维大质量引力进行了典范分析，构造了狄拉克括号，确定了约束结构，并计数了物理自由度，同时证明了扩展哈密顿量避免了奥斯特罗格拉茨基不稳定性。
We study the Hamiltonian structure of the general parity-invariant model of three-dimensional gravity with propagating torsion, with eight parameters in the Lagrangian. In the scalar sector, containing scalar or pseudoscalar modes with respect to maximally symmetric background, the phenomenon of constraint bifurcation is observed and analyzed. The stability of the Hamiltonian structure under linearization is used to identify dynamically acceptable values of parameters.
The transformation properties of the gravitational energy-momentum in the teleparallel gravity are analyzed. It is proved that the gravitational energy-momentum in the teleparallel gravity can be expressed in terms of the Lorentz gauge potential, and therefore is not covariant under local Lorentz transformations. On the other hand, it can also be expressed in terms of the translation gauge field strength, and therefore is covariant under general coordinate transformations. A simplified Hamiltonian formulation of the teleparallel gravity is given. Its constraint algebra has the same structure a…
Nonlocal gravity models are constructed to explain the current acceleration of the universe. These models are inspired by the infrared correction appearing in Einstein Hilbert action. Here we develop the Hamiltonian formalism of a nonlocal model by considering only terms to quadratic order in Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar. We also show how to count the degree of freedom using Hamiltonian formalism in this model.
The reduced vacuum Hamiltonian equations of conformal geometrodynamics of compact manifolds in extrinsic time are written. This is achieved by generalizing the theorem of implicit function derivative to the functional analysis.
The Hamiltonian formalism of Einstein--Cartan (EC) gravity is a starting point for canonical quantum gravity. The existing formalisms are at most Lorentz covariant, or diffeomorphism covariant. Here we analyze the Hamiltonian EC gravity in a 5d covariant way, with the gauge group being the de Sitter (dS) group, which unifies the Lorentz transformations and translation in an elegant manner, and also coincides with the acceleration of the universe. We reformulate the EC equations into a dS-covariant form, then find out the dS-covariant constraints of the phase space, and make all the constraint …
Quantum-reduced loop gravity is a model of loop quantum gravity, which - from the technical point of view - is characterized by the remarkably simple form of its basic operators. In this article we examine the operators of the quantum-reduced model from the perspective of full loop quantum gravity. We show that, in spite of their simplicity, the operators of the quantum-reduced model are simply the operators of the full theory acting on states in the Hilbert space of the quantum-reduced model. The passage from the full theory operators to the "reduced" operators simply consists of noting that …
The Hamiltonian constraint system is the canonical formulation of a physical system with a Hamiltonian constrained to vanish. In terms of the canonical variables, we define what we call reference observable, with respect to which other observables evolve. We study if it plays the role of time. As simple examples, we study the theories of non-relativistic and relativistic particles. We outline an application of the idea to general relativity.
Lecture Notes in Loop Quantum Gravity. LN4: Hamiltonian framework
本文通过协变方法重新推导了不同物理理论中哈密顿主功能的性质，应用于相对论场论及引力理论。
We study the dynamics of particles coupled to gravity in (2 + 1) dimensions. Using the ADM formalism, we derive the general Hamiltonian for an N-body system and analyze the dynamics of a two-particle system. Non-linear terms are found up to second-order order in κ in the general case, and to every order in the quasi-static limit.
In this work two different boundary conditions for first order gravity, corresponding to a null and a negative cosmological constant respectively, are studied. Both boundary conditions allows to obtain the standard black hole thermodynamics. Furthermore both boundary conditions define a canonical ensemble. Additionally the quasilocal energy definition is obtained for the null cosmological constant case.
Topological gravity is the reduction of Einstein's theory to spacetimes with vanishing curvature, but with global degrees of freedom related to the topology of the universe. We present an exact Hamiltonian lattice theory for topological gravity, which admits translations of the lattice sites as a gauge symmetry. There are additional symmetries, not present in Einstein's theory, which kill the local degrees of freedom. We show that these symmetries can be fixed by choosing a gauge where the torsion is equal to zero. In this gauge, the theory describes flat space-times. We propose two methods to…
We review different approaches to the Hamiltonian analysis of teleparallel theories of gravity. In particular the Hamiltonian analysis for $f(\mathbb{T})$ theories led to disputed results in the literature. The aim of this review is to relate the different notations and assumptions in the different approaches in a comprehensive way, so that they can be compared more easily. To do this we present the primary constraints of the $f({\mathbb{T}_{\textrm{NGR}}})$ gravity class of theories for the first time. The particular cases studied in the literature, $f(\mathbb{T})$ gravity and new general rel…
The existence of an extra degree of freedom (d.o.f.) in $f(T)$ gravity has been recently proved by means of the Dirac formalism for constrained Hamiltonian systems. We will show a toy model displaying the essential feature of $f(T)$ gravity, which is the pseudoinvariance of T under a local symmetry, to understand the nature of the extra d.o.f.
A general framework for the solutions of the constraints of pure gravity is constructed. It provides with well defined mathematical criteria to classify their solutions in four classes. Complete families of solutions are obtained in some cases. A starting point for the systematic study of the solutions of Einstein gravity is suggested.
In canonical quantum gravity, when space is a compact manifold with boundary there is a Hamiltonian given by an integral over the boundary. Here we compute the action of this `boundary Hamiltonian' on observables corresponding to open Wilson lines in the new variables formulation of quantum gravity. In cases where the boundary conditions fix the metric on the boundary (e.g., in the asymptotically Minkowskian case) one can obtain a finite result, given by a `shift operator' generating translations of the Wilson line in the direction of its tangent vector. A similar shift operator serves as the …
We present an explicit computation of matrix elements of the hamiltonian constraint operator in non-perturbative quantum gravity. In particular, we consider the euclidean term of Thiemann's version of the constraint and compute its action on trivalent states, for all its natural orderings. The calculation is performed using graphical techniques from the recoupling theory of colored knots and links. We exhibit the matrix elements of the hamiltonian constraint operator in the spin network basis in compact algebraic form.
We consider the most general class of teleparallel theories of gravity quadratic in the torsion tensor, and carry out a detailed investigation of its Hamiltonian formulation in the time gauge. Such general class is given by a three-parameter family of theories. A consistent implementation of the Legendre transform reduces the original theory to a one-parameter theory determined in terms of first class constraints. The free parameter is fixed by requiring the Newtonian limit. The resulting theory is the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity.
In this paper we illustrate the dynamics of the instanton representation in the description of vacuum GR in minisuperspace for undensitized variables. We uncover a new class of general solutions in both the degenerate and the nondegenerate sectors of the theory. Additionally, the individual sectors are preserved under Hamiltonian evolution. Finally, we present an algorithm for constructing general solutions by expansion about the isotropic sector.
A new symmetric Hamiltonian constraint operator is proposed for loop quantum gravity, which is well defined in the Hilbert space of diffeomorphism invariant states up to non-planar vertices with valence higher than three. It inherits the advantage of the original regularization method, so that its regulated version in the kinematical Hilbert space is diffeomorphism covariant and creates new vertices to the spin networks. The quantum algebra of this Hamiltonian is anomaly-free on shell, and there is less ambiguity in its construction in comparison with the original method. The regularization pr…
Several alternative formulations of the first order approach to unimodular gravity are presented. There is always a particular one such that it is {\em classically} equivalent to the second order formulation; this we call {\em educated}. It is often at variance with the {\em naive} approach, in which the lagrangian is taken as given exactly by the same expression as in the second order formulation; only the number and character of the independent variables changes. Namely, typically some of the momenta are now considered as coordinates. The ensuing Hamiltonians are thereby discussed and their …
Dirac's quantization of the (2+1)-dimensional analog of Ashtekar's approach to quantum gravity is investigated. After providing a diffeomorphism-invariant regularization of the Hamiltonian constraint, we find a set of solutions to this Hamiltonian constraint which is a generalization of the solution discovered by Jacobson and Smolin. These solutions are given by particular linear combinations of the spin network states. While the classical counterparts of these solutions have degenerate metric, due to a \lq quantum effect' the area operator has nonvanishing action on these states. We also disc…
We derive a new constraint algebra for a Hamiltonian formulation of the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity treated as a theory of cotetrad fields on a spacetime. The algebra turns out to be closed.
The quantum-reduced loop-gravity technique has been introduced for dealing with cosmological models. We show that it can be applied rather generically: anytime the spatial metric can be gauge-fixed to a diagonal form. The technique selects states based on reduced graphs with Livine-Speziale coherent intertwiners and could simplify the analysis of the dynamics in the full theory.
This is the second paper in the series to introduce a graphical method to loop quantum gravity. We employ the graphical method as a powerful tool to calculate the actions of the Euclidean Hamiltonian constraint operator and the so-called inverse volume operator on spin network states with trivalent vertices. Both of the operators involve the co-triad operator which contains holonomies by construction. The non-ambiguous, concise and visual characters of our graphical method ensure the rigour for our calculations. Our results indicate some corrections to the existing results in literatures.
The quantization of the Hamiltonian for a scalar field is performed in the framework of Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity. We outline how the regularization can be performed by using the analogous tools adopted in full Loop Quantum Gravity and the matrix elements of the resulting operator between basis states are analytic coefficients. These achievements open the way for a consistent analysis of the Quantum Gravity corrections to the classical dynamics of gravity in the presence of a scalar field in a cosmological setting.
We provide a constrained Hamiltonian analysis of a non relativistic Schrodinger field in 2+1 dimensions , coupled with Chern - Simons gravity. The coupling is achieved by the recently advanced Galilean gauge theory \cite{BMM1},\cite{ BMM2}, \cite{BM4}. The calculations are repeated with a truncated model to show that deviation from Galilean gauge theory makes the theory untenable. The issue of nonrelativistic spatial diffeomorphism is discussed in this context.
An approach to quantization of fields and gravity based on the De Donder-Weyl covariant Hamiltonian formalism is outlined. It leads to a hypercomplex extension of quantum mechanics in which the algebra of complex numbers is replaced by the space-time Clifford algebra and all space-time variables enter on equal footing. A covariant hypercomplex analogue of the Schrödinger equation is formulated. Elements of quantization of General Relativity within the present framework are sketched.
Although the physical Hamiltonian operator can be constructed in the deparameterized model of loop quantum gravity coupled to a scalar field, its property is still unknown. This open issue is attacked in this paper by considering an operator $\hat{H}_v$ representing the square of the physical Hamiltonian operator acting nontrivially on two-valent spin networks. The Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_v$ preserved by the graphing changing operator $\hat{H}_v$ is consist of spin networks with a single two-valent non-degenerate vertex. The matrix element of $\hat{H}_v$ are explicitly worked out in a suita…
This paper presents a Hamiltonian formulation of spinfoam-gravity, which leads to a straight-forward canonical quantisation. To begin with, we derive a continuum action adapted to the simplicial decomposition. The equations of motion admit a Hamiltonian formulation, allowing us to perform the constraint analysis. We do not find any secondary constraints, but only get restrictions on the Lagrange multipliers enforcing the reality conditions. This comes as a surprise. In the continuum theory, the reality conditions are preserved in time, only if the torsionless condition (a secondary constraint)…
We argue that the conclusion, `we cannot consider the Dirac approach as fundamental and undoubted', made in the paper by Shestakova (Class. Quantum Grav. 28 055009, 2011), is based upon an incomplete and flawed analysis of the simple model presented in section 3 of the article. We re-examine the analysis of this model and find that it does not support the author's conclusion. For the theory of gravity neither the equivalence of the effective action nor its Hamiltonian formulation is given by the author, therefore, we only provide a brief commentary.
A quantum hamiltonian which evolves the gravitational field according to time as measured by constant surfaces of a scalar field is defined through a regularization procedure based on the loop representation, and is shown to be finite and diffeomorphism invariant. The problem of constructing this hamiltonian is reduced to a combinatorial and algebraic problem which involves the rearrangements of lines through the vertices of arbitrary graphs. This procedure also provides a construction of the hamiltonian constraint as a finite operator on the space of diffeomorphism invariant states as well as…
Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity is a promising framework for linking Loop Quantum Gravity and the effective semiclassical dynamics of Loop Quantum Cosmology. We review its basic achievements and its main perspectives, outlining how it provides a quantum description of the Universe in terms of a cuboidal graph which constitutes the proper framework for applying loop techniques in a cosmological setting.
In this short note we perform covariant Hamiltonian analysis of F(R)-gravity.
We solve perturbative constraints and eliminate gauge freedom for Ashtekar's gravity on de Sitter background. We show that the reduced phase space consists of transverse, traceless, symmetric fluctuations of the triad and of transverse, traceless, symmetric fluctuations of the connection. A part of gauge freedom corresponding to the conformal Killing vectors of the three-manifold can be fixed only by imposing conditions on Lagrange multiplier. The reduced phase space is equivalent to that of ADM gravity on the same background.
Quantum representation of reduced twisted geometry in loop quantum gravity
本文在圈量子引力的规范不变 Hilbert 空间中构造了约化扭曲几何代数的量子表示，建立了基本代数与基本算子，并据此提出了一种新型外曲率算子。
In the context of canonical quantum gravity, we study an alternative real quantisation scheme, which is arising by relating simpler Riemannian quantum theory to the more complicated physical Lorentzian theory - the generalised Wick transform. On the symmetry reduced models, homogenous Bianchi cosmology and 2+1 gravity, we investigate its generalised construction principle, demonstrate that the emerging quantum theory is equivalent to the one obtained from standard quantisation and how to obtain physical states in Lorentzian gravity from Wick transforming solutions of Riemannian quantum theory.
Within the framework of Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity we quantize the Hamiltonian for a gauge vector field. The regularization can be performed using tools analogous to the ones adopted in full Loop Quantum Gravity, while the matrix elements of the resulting operator between basis states are analytic coefficients. This analysis is the first step towards deriving the full quantum gravity corrections to the vector field semiclassical dynamics.
This letter is a critique of Barbero's constrained Hamiltonian formulation of General Relativity on which current work in Loop Quantum Gravity is based. While we do not dispute the correctness of Barbero's formulation of general relativity, we offer some criticisms of an aesthetic nature. We point out that unlike Ashtekar's complex SU(2) connection, Barbero's real SO(3) connection does not admit an interpretation as a space-time gauge field. We show that if one tries to interpret Barbero's real SO(3) connection as a space-time gauge field, the theory is not diffeomorphism invariant. We conclud…
The choice of the regularization scheme in Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) is crucial for the predicted phenomenology. We outline how the improved scheme can be naturally realized in Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity, describing the Universe as an ensemble of microstates labeled by different graphs. The new effective dynamics presents corrections to LQC, which do not significantly affect the bouncing scenario for the most relevant kinds of matter fields in cosmology $(w \leq 1)$.
We consider the Palatini formalism of gravity with cosmological constant $Λ$ coupled to a scalar field $ϕ$ in $n$-dimensions. The $n$-dimensional Einstein equations with $Λ$ can be derived by the variation of the coupled Palatini action provided $n>2$. The Hamiltonian analysis of the coupled action is carried out by a $1+(n-1)$ decomposition of the spacetime. It turns out that both Palatini action and Hilbert action lead to the same geometric dynamics in the presence of $Λ$ and $ϕ$. While, the $n$-dimensional Palatini action could not give a connection dynamics formalism directly.
One of the virtues of the Ashtekar variables is the simplification of the initial value constraints for gravity. In the case of self-dual variables this entails a complexification of the phase space which comes at the expense of having to implement reality conditions in the Lorentzian signature case. A reformulation of the theory in terms of real variables eliminates this difficulty, albeit at the expense of having to deal with a more complicated Hamiltonian constraint. The set of available gravitational theories classically equivalent to Einstein's is parametrized by a parameter $β$, known as…
The effective quantum dynamics of Bianchi I spacetime is addressed within the statistical regularization scheme in Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity. The case of a minimally coupled massless scalar field is studied and compared with the effective $\barμ-$Loop Quantum Cosmology. The dynamics provided by the two approaches match in the semiclassical limit but differ significantly after the bounces. Analytical and numerical inspections show that energy density, expansion scalar and shear are bounded also in Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity and the classical singularity is resolved for generic initial cond…
We introduce a new framework for loop quantum gravity: mimicking the spinfoam quantization procedure we propose to study the symmetric sectors of the theory imposing the reduction weakly on the full kinematical Hilbert space of the canonical theory. As a first application of Quantum-Reduced Loop Gravity we study the inhomogeneous Bianchi I model. The emerging quantum cosmological model represents a simplified arena on which the complete canonical quantization program can be tested. The achievements of this analysis could elucidate the relationship between Loop Quantum Cosmology and the full th…
We introduce a new regularization scheme for Quantum Cosmology in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) using the tools of Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity (QRLG). It is obtained considering density matrices for superposition of graphs based on statistical countings of microstates compatible with macroscopic configurations. We call this procedure statistical regularization scheme. In particular, we show how the $μ_0$ and $\barμ$ schemes introduced in Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) emerge with specific choices of density matrices. Within this new scheme we compute effective Hamiltonians suitable to describe qua…
The conformal equivalence of fourth-order gravity following from a non-linear Lagrangian L(R) to theories of other types is widely known, here we report on a new conformal equivalence of these theories to theories of the same type but with different Lagrangian. For a quantization of fourth-order theories one needs a Hamiltonian formulation of them. One of the possibilities to do so goes back to Ostrogradski in 1850. Here we present another possibility: A Hamiltonian H different from Ostrogradski's one is discussed for the Lagrangian L depending on first and second order drivatives of the posit…
The relation between the SL(2,R)/SO(2)- and the SL(2,C)-chiral model that naturally arise within the metric respectively the Ashtekar formulation of two Killing field reduced Einstein gravity is revealed. Both chiral models turn out to be completely equivalent even though the transition from the coset- to the SL(2,C)-model is accompanied by a disappearance of the non-ultralocal terms in the Poisson brackets.
We use Boulware's Hamiltonian formalism of quadratic gravity theories in order to analyze the classical behaviour of Bianchi cosmological models for a Lagrangian density containing quadratic terms in the curvature. For this purpose we define a canonical transformation which leads to a clear distinction between two main variants of the quadratic theory, namely the R-squared or conformal Lagrangian densities. In this paper we restrict the study to the first variant. For Bianchi type I and IX models we give the explicit forms of the super-Hamiltonian constraint, of the ADM Hamiltonian density and…
Spontaneous breaking of diffeomorphism invariance in conformally reduced quantum gravity
本文使用固时非微扰流方程研究量子引力中微分同胚不变性的自发破缺，发现共形约化 Einstein-Hilbert 理论在 Planck 能量下出现非平凡极小值，表明量子引力中动态产生了最小长度。
We develop Hamiltonian formalism for Lagrange Multiplier Modified Gravity. We further calculate the Poisson brackets between constraints and we show that they coincide with the algebra of constraints in Hamiltonian formulation of General Relativity.
Introducing a new method, we demonstrate how the action of reduced operators can be derived without resorting to a recoupling theory and how they exactly reproduce the results obtained in the standard approach of Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity (QRLG). This is particularly relevant while dealing with volume operator when dealing with the coupling of matter fields to gravity. Apart from reinforcing the close link between QRLG and loop quantum cosmology (LQC), this procedure also sheds new light on the issue of how to extract the continuum limit, without resorting to the large-$j$ expansion, thereb…
Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity provides a promising framework for a consistent characterization of the early Universe dynamics. Inspired by BKL conjecture, a flat Universe is described as a collection of Bianchi I homogeneous patches. The resulting quantum dynamics is described by the scalar constraint operator, whose matrix elements can be analytically computed. The effective semiclassical dynamics is discussed, and the differences with Loop Quantum Cosmology are emphasized.
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