Ning Bo Zhao, An Min Wang
We propose a protocol for local implementation of two consecutive nonlocal operations by three parters. It consumes one shared GHZ state in this protocol. We also demonstrate that these resources are sufficient and necessary to locally implement two consecutive CNOT operations.
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The formalism employing local complex amplitudes that resolved the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen puzzle (C. S. Unnikrishnan, quant-ph/0001112) is applied to the three-particle GHZ correlations. We show that the GHZ quantum correlations can be reproduced without nonlocality.
The simulation of quantum correlations with alternative nonlocal resources, such as classical communication, gives a natural way to quantify their nonlocality. While multipartite nonlocal correlations appear to be useful resources, very little is known on how to simulate multipartite quantum correlations. We present the first known protocol that reproduces 3-partite GHZ correlations with bounded communication: 3 bits in total turn out to be sufficient to simulate all equatorial Von Neumann measurements on the 3-partite GHZ state.
We investigate local contents in $N$-qubit generalized Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger (GHZ) states. We suggest a decomposition for correlations in the GHZ states into a nonlocal and fully local part, and find a lower and upper bound on the local content. Our lower bound reproduces the previous result for N=2 [Scarani, Phys. Rev. A. 77, 042112 (2008)] and decreases rapidly with $N$.
In this note, we study Cabello's nonlocality argument (CNA) for three-qubit systems configured in the generalized GHZ state. For this class of states, we show that CNA runs for almost all entangled ones, and that the maximum probability of success of CNA is 14% (approx.), which is attained for the maximally entangled GHZ state. This maximum probability is slightly higher than that achieved for the standard Hardy's nonlocality argument (HNA) for three qubits, namely 12.5%. Also, we show that the success probability of both HNA and CNA for three-qubit systems can reach a maximum of 50% in the fr…
The direct measurement of nonlocal properties of entangled quantum systems has been the subject of several recent experimental investigations. Of particular interest is the implementation of nonlocal measurements via indirect measurement schemes, which allow for greater flexibility in the control of the measurement strength. Building on previous results established in the bipartite case, we present a scheme to implement genuine nonlocal measurements of N-qubit systems with variable strength, using GHZ-like entangled qubit meters. This method can be applied to the joint measurement of commuting…
Reproducing with elementary resources the correlations that arise when a quantum system is measured (quantum state simulation), allows one to get insight on the operational and computational power of quantum correlations. We propose a family of models that can simulate von Neumann measurements in the x-y plane of the Bloch sphere on n-partite GHZ states using only bipartite nonlocal boxes. For the tripartite and fourpartite states, the models use only bipartite nonlocal boxes; they can be translated into classical communication schemes with finite average communication cost.
Small sets of genuinely nonlocal GHZ states in multipartite systems
本文研究多体系统中由广义GHZ态构成的小型真正非定域集合构造，通过群论证明不同参数条件下少量GHZ态即可展现真正非定域性，并指出TOPLM检测技术的局限性。
It is shown that the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) correlations for arbitrary spin-s and the Greenberger, Horne and Zeilinger (GHZ) correlations for three particles can be described by nonlocal joint and conditional quantum probabilities. The nonlocality of these probabilities makes the Bell's inequalities void. A description that exhibits the relation between the randomness and the nonlocality of entangled correlations is introduced. Entangled EPR and GHZ correlations are studied using the Gibbs-Shannon entropy. The nonlocal character of the EPR correlations is tested using the informati…
Lorentz transformation of three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state is studied. Also we obtain the relativistic spin joint measurement for the transformed state. Using these results it is shown that Bell's inequality is maximally violated for three-qubit GHZ state in relativistic regime. For ultrarelativistic particles we obtain the critical value for boost speed which Bell's inequality is not violated for velocities smaller than this value. We also show that in ultrarelativistic limit Bell's inequality is maximally violated for GHZ state.
We investigate the robustness of multiparty nonlocality under local decoherence, acting independently and equally on each subsystems. To be specific, we consider an N-qubit GHZ state under depolarization, dephasing, or dissipation channel, and tested the nonlocality by violation of Mermin-Klyshko inequality, which is one of Bell's inequalities for multi-qubit systems. The results show that the robustness of nonlocality increases with the number of qubits, and that the nonlocality of an N-qubit GHZ state with even N is extremely persistent against dephasing.
Distinguishability-based genuine nonlocality with genuine multipartite entanglement
本文研究了d维GHZ态的基于可区分性的真正非定域性，利用半定规划方法在d维系统中构建了线性规模的最小非定域集，并提出阈值可区分性概念构建了(2,3)-阈值集。
Quatum nonlocality as a valuable resource is of vital importance in quantum information processing. The characterization of the resource has been extensively investigated mainly for pure states, while relatively less is know for mixed states. Here we prove the existence of the optimal GHZ paradox by using a novel and simple method to extract an optimal state that can saturate the tradeoff relation between quantum nonlocality and the state purity. In this paradox, the logical inequality which is formulated by the GHZ-typed event probabilities can be violated maximally by the optimal state for a…
We show that for all $n\ge3$, an example of an $n$-partite quantum correlation that is not genuinely multipartite nonlocal but rather exhibiting anonymous nonlocality, that is, nonlocal but biseparable with respect to all bipartitions, can be obtained by locally measuring the $n$-partite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. This anonymity is a manifestation of the impossibility to attribute unambiguously the underlying multipartite nonlocality to any definite subset(s) of the parties, even though the correlation can indeed be produced by nonlocal collaboration involving only such subsets. …
We report the first experimental violation of local realism in four-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entanglement. In the experiment, the non-statistical GHZ conflicts between quantum mechanics and local realism are confirmed, within the experimental accuracy, by four specific measurements of polarization correlations between four photons. In addition, our experimental results not only demonstrate a violation of Mermin-Ardehali-Belinskii-Klyshko inequality by 76 standard deviations, but also for the first time provide sufficient evidence to confirm the existence of genuine four-particl…
The hierarchy of nonlocality and entanglement in multipartite systems is one of the fundamental problems in quantum physics. We study this topic in three-qubit systems considering the entanglement classification of stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC). The equivalence under SLOCC divides threequbit states into separable, biseparable, W, and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) classes. The W and GHZ are two subclasses of genuine tripartite entanglement.We adopt the family of GHZ-symmetric states as a research subject, which share the symmetries of the GHZ state and have…
Entanglement-Assisted Discrimination of Nonlocal Sets of Orthogonal States
本文研究了多粒子纠缠在非局域正交态集鉴别中的作用，提出高效的LOCC协议，探讨了不同纠缠辅助方案的资源消耗，并发现避免量子 teleportation 的协议通常更高效。
The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) puzzle has been used to study quantum nonlocality and provide an all-or-nothing, no-go theorem for local hidden-variable models. Recent experiments using coincident-detected entangled photons prepared in a three-particle GHZ state have been used to test quantum nonlocality, but fail to rule out local realism due to a reliance on the fair-sampling hypothesis and insufficient detection efficiency. This paper describes a physically motivated local hidden-variable model based on amplitude-threshold detection that is capable of producing similar results. Detect…
Experimental free-will or measurement independence is one of the crucial assumptions in derivation of any nonlocal theorem. Any nonlocal correlation obtained in quantum world can have a local deterministic explanation if there is no experimental free-will in choosing the measurement settings. Recently, in [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf105}, 250404 (2010)] it has been shown that to obtain a local deterministic description for singlet state correlation one does not need to give up measurement independence completely, but a partial measurement dependence suffices. In three party scenario considering GHZ …
Three-qubit nonlocality paradoxes: beyond GHZ
本文通过引入新的结构和组合技术，完全分类了基于双条件奇偶性证明的三量子比特非局域性悖论，揭示了比先前理解更丰富的悖论景观。
We prove that for a three-qubit system in the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, locality per se is in conflict with the perfect GHZ correlations. The proof does not in any way use the realism assumption and can lead to a refutation of locality. We also provide inequalities that are imposed by locality. The experimental confirmation of the present reasoning may imply a genuine quantum nonlocality and will deepen our understanding of nonlocality of nature.
We perform numerical tests on quantum nonlocality of two-level quantum systems (qubits) observed by a uniformly moving observer. Under a suitable momentum setting, the quantum nonlocality of two-qubit nonmaximally entangled states could be weakened drastically by the Lorentz transformation allowing for the existence of local-hidden-variable models, whereas three-qubit genuinely entangled states are robust. In particular, the generalized GHZ state remains nonlocal under arbitrary Wigner rotation and the generalized W state could admit local-hidden-variable models within a rather narrow range of…
In the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-Mermin (GHZM) proof of Bell's theorem, a source periodically emits an entangled state of three particles whose properties are analyzed by three distant observers and used to prove Bell's nonlocality theorem. This paper analyzes a somewhat different gedanken experiment involving only two observers that nevertheless makes indirect use of the GHZ states to prove Bell's theorem. The relationship of the GHZM proof to the present one is discussed, and it is pointed out that the latter provides an interesting new view of the connection between the "two theorems of J…
We propose and prove protocols of controlled and combined remote implementations of partially unknown quantum operations belonging to the restricted sets [An Min Wang: PRA, \textbf{74}, 032317(2006)] using GHZ states. We detailedly describe the protocols in the cases of one qubit, respectively, with one controller and with two senders. Then we extend the protocols to the cases of multiqubits with many controllers and two senders. Because our protocols have to demand the controller(s)'s startup and authorization or two senders together working and cooperations, the controlled and combined remot…
In quantum theory, no-go theorems are important as they rule out the existence of a particular physical model under consideration. For instance, the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem serves as a no-go theorem for the nonexistence of local hidden variable models by presenting a full contradiction for the multipartite GHZ states. However, the elegant GHZ argument for Bell's nonlocality does not go through for bipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) state. Recent study on quantum nonlocality has shown that the more precise description of EPR's original scenario is "steering", i.e., the no…
Hardy-type self-testing and exposedness of tripartite GHZ correlations
研究三体两输入两输出场景中Hardy型悖论的自检验，证明最大Hardy成功概率关联自检验GHZ态和测量，且该关联是量子关联集的极点和暴露点，与Mermin不等式最大违反点重合。
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox provides an all-versus-nothing test for the quantum nonlocality. In all the GHZ paradoxes known so far each observer is allowed to measure only two alternative observables. Here we shall present a general construction for GHZ paradoxes in which each observer measuring more than two observables given that the system is prepared in the $n$-qudit GHZ state. By doing so we are able to construct a multi-setting GHZ paradox for the $n$-qubit GHZ state, with $n$ being arbitrary, that is genuine $n$-partite, i.e., no GHZ paradox exists when restrict to a subse…
Violation of Bell inequality (or, Bell-type inequalities) by nonlocal correlations is justified by relaxation of at least one of the plausible physical constraints used to model such inequality. Based on this fact, in this letter we present a procedure to simulate three-qubit GHZ correlation relaxing two constraints, determinism and no signaling simultaneously. We have also derived the minimum amount of indeterminism and signaling to be introduced in a system. The corresponding number of signaling and local bits of mutual information needed to communicate are also provided and thus we are able…
We use techniques for lower bounds on communication to derive necessary conditions in terms of detector efficiency or amount of super-luminal communication for being able to reproduce with classical local hidden-variable theories the quantum correlations occurring in EPR-type experiments in the presence of noise. We apply our method to an example involving n parties sharing a GHZ-type state on which they carry out measurements and show that for local-hidden variable theories, the amount of super-luminal classical communication c and the detector efficiency eta are constrained by eta 2^(-c/n) =…
We present a local hidden-variable model supplemented by classical communication that reproduces the quantum-mechanical predictions for measurements of all products of Pauli operators on an n-qubit GHZ state (or "cat state"). The simulation is efficient since the required amount of communication scales linearly with the number of qubits, even though there are Bell-type inequalities for these states for which the amount of violation grows exponentially with n. The structure of our model yields insight into the Gottesman-Knill theorem by demonstrating that, at least in this limited case, the cor…
Some years ago Szabó and Fine proposed a {\it local} hidden variable theory for the GHZ experiment based on the assumption that "the detection efficiency is not (only) the effect of random errors in the detector equipment, but it is a more fundamental phenomenon, the manifestation of a predetermined hidden property of the particles". Szabó and Fine, however, did not provide a general approach to quantum phenomena which avoids nonlocality. Such an approach, based on the same assumption, was instead recently supplied by some of us and called {\it extended semantic realism} ({\it ESR}) model. We …
Graph states are an important class of multipartite entangled states. Previous experimental generation of graph states and in particular the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states in linear optics quantum information schemes is subjected to an exponential decay in efficiency versus the system size, which limits its large-scale applications in quantum networks. Here we demonstrate an efficient scheme to prepare graph states with only a polynomial overhead using long-lived atomic quantum memories. We generate atom-photon entangled states in two atomic ensembles asynchronously, retrieve the sto…
System-environment dynamics of GHZ-like states in noninertial frames
本文研究非惯性系中三量子比特GHZ类态在振幅阻尼通道下的演化，发现量子相干性最抗退相干和Unruh效应，量子非定域性最脆弱，为相对论量子信息提供新视角。
Bit commitment and coin flipping occupy a unique place in the device-independent landscape, as the only device-independent protocols thus far suggested for these tasks are reliant on tripartite GHZ correlations. Indeed, we know of no other bipartite tasks, which admit a device-independent formulation, but which are not known to be implementable using only bipartite nonlocality. Another interesting feature of these protocols is that the pseudo-telepathic nature of GHZ correlations -- in contrast to the generally statistical character of nonlocal correlations, such as those arising in the violat…
We propose a simple setup for the conversion of multipartite entangled states in a quantum network with restricted access. The scheme uses nonlocal operations to enable the preparation of states that are inequivalent under local operations and classical communication, but most importantly does not require full access to the states. It is based on a flexible linear optical conversion gate that uses photons, which are ideally suited for distributed quantum computation and quantum communication in extended networks. In order to show the basic working principles of the gate, we focus on converting…
Three arguments based on the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) proof of the nonexistence of local hidden variables are presented. The first is a description of a simple game which a team that uses the GHZ method will always win. The second uses counterfactuals in an attempt to show that quantum theory is nonlocal in a stronger sense than is implied by the nonexistence of local hidden variables and the third describes peculiar features of time-symmetrized counterfactuals in quantum theory.
We present a general approach for quantifying tolerance of a nonlocal N-partite state to any local noise under different classes of quantum correlation scenarios with arbitrary numbers of settings and outcomes at each site. This allows us to derive new precise bounds in d and N on noise tolerances for: (i) an arbitrary nonlocal N-qudit state; (ii) the N-qudit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state; (iii) the N-qubit W state and the N-qubit Dicke states, and to analyse asymptotics of these precise bounds for large N and d.
Anonymous Veto (AV) and Dining cryptographers (DC) are two basic primitives for the cryptographic problems where the main aim is to hide the identity of the senders of the messages. These can be achieved by classical methods where the security is based either on computational hardness or on shared private keys. In this regard, we present a secure quantum protocol for both DC and AV by exploiting the GHZ correlations. We first solve a generalized version of the DC problem with the help of multiparty GHZ state. This allow us to provide a secure quantum protocol for the AV. Securities for both th…
The parity game is an example of a nonlocal game: by sharing a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state before playing this game, the players can win with a higher probability than is allowed by classical physics. The GHZ state of $N$ qubits is also the ground state of the ferromagnetic quantum Ising model on $N$ qubits in the limit of vanishingly weak quantum fluctuations. Motivated by this observation, we examine the probability that $N$ players who share the ground state of a generic quantum Ising model, which exhibits non-vanishing quantum fluctuations, still win the parity game using the p…
Visualization of Three-Qubit Pure States with Separation of Local and Nonlocal Degrees of Freedom
本文提出一种统一的几何框架，用于可视化两和三量子比特纯态，通过分离局部和非局域自由度，提供直观的纠缠和相位结构分析。
In eliminating the fair sampling assumption, the Greenberger, Horne, Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem is believed to confirm Bell's historic conclusion that local hidden variables are inconsistent with the results of quantum mechanics. The GHZ theorem depends on predicting the results of sets of measurements of which only one may be performed. In the present paper, the non-commutative aspects of these unperformed measurements are critically examined. Classical examples and the logic of the GHZ construction are analyzed to demonstrate that combined counterfactual results of non-commuting operations are …
Symmetric multipartite Bell inequalities via Frank-Wolfe algorithms
本文利用Frank-Wolfe算法和对称性加速计算多体贝尔不等式，为GHZ态的非局域鲁棒性提供最佳上界，并改进Mermin不等式，同时展示非局域性在星型网络中的激活。
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