先锋异常：在航天器的适当时间漂移
Pioneer anomaly: a drift in the proper time of the spacecraft
摘要：
本文用相对论理论解释了先驱者10/11、伽利略和伽利略号航天器的反常加速度现象。该理论指出了弱场近似的局限性，并在广义相对论的框架之外提出了航天器固有时间的漂移。该理论给出了异常加速度的非常准确和精确的值。在这个理论中，一个物体的固有时间与组成该物体的基本粒子的引力频率偏移有关。频移改变了物体的能级，这反映在它的相对论质量中，因此也反映在它的运动中。这种能级的变化导致时间像测地线一样偏离标准理论模型。我们根据广义相对论为在平坦闵可夫斯基度规中引入偏差而制定的一套固定规则，在度规理论的线元中引入真时。然而，不同组成的物体穿越不同轨迹的频率偏移是不一样的，这反映在其运动中，作为一种未建模的异常效应。真时与物体引力频移的这种关联要求平坦闵可夫斯基度规在不同的两体系统中以不同的方式偏离。本文给出的先锋异常解在观测精度范围内产生异常加速度。光的引力红移、光的弯曲和行星的近日岁差都在允许的范围内。理论表明，爱因斯坦的场方程确实为先锋异常提供了一些线索，但解决方案并不是很准确。该理论还可以解释旋涡星系的自转曲线。
英文摘要：
A relativistic theory is proposed to explain the anomalous accelerations of Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecrafts. The theory points out at the limitations of the weak field approximation and proposes a drift in the proper time of the spacecraft outside the framework of general relativity. The theory yields a very accurate and precise value for the anomalous acceleration. In this theory the proper time of a body is associated with the gravitational frequency shift of the constituent fundamental particles of the body. The frequency shift changes the energy level of the body which gets reflected in its relativistic mass and therefore in its motion. This change in energy level causes the time like geodesics to deviate from that of the standard theoretical models. We introduce proper time in the line element of a metric theory according to a fixed set of rules laid down by general relativity for introducing deviation in the flat Minkowski metric. The frequency shift for bodies of different composition traversing different trajectories however, is not the same and this gets reflected in its motion as an unmodeled anomalous effect. This association of proper time with the gravitational frequency shift of the body requires the flat Minkowski metric to deviate in different ways for different two body systems. The solution to Pioneer anomaly given here yields anomalous acceleration within the limits of observational accuracy. Gravitational redshift of light, bending of light and perihelic precession of planets are within the permissible limits. The theory shows that Einstein's field equations do provide some clue to the Pioneer anomaly but the solution is not very accurate. The theory can also explain the rotation curves of the spiral galaxies.
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