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arXiv quant-ph/9904081quant-ph
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量子力学与现实元素

Quantum mechanics and elements of reality

Ulrich Mohrhoff

摘要:

人们普遍认为,玻恩概率为1就足以证明存在相应的实在元素。最近,Vaidman将这一思想扩展到了由Aharonov、Bergmann和Lebowitz提出的量子力学时间对称化版本的ABL概率。几位作者反对魏德曼的时间对称的现实元素,而不怀疑被广泛接受的现实“普通”元素的充分条件。在本文中,我表明,虽然量子反事实的正确真值条件是ABL概率为1,但Born概率为1和ABL概率为1都不足以证明实在元素的存在。之所以如此,是因为量子力学系统的偶然性质是外在的。为了得到这个结果,我需要讨论客观概率、追溯因果关系以及心理时间之箭的客观性或其他方面。量子力学性质的外在性质的一个结果是,量子力学以定义性质的实际事件(或事态)为前提,因此不能被要求解释它们的发生(存在)。无论是这些事件还是它们之间的相关性都无法解释,前者是因为它们是因果关系,后者是因为它们是根本性的:没有潜在的因果过程。因果联系是我们投射到统计相关性上的东西,只有在统计变异可以忽略的情况下才有效。然而,从量子力学的关联中可以得出一些重要的结论,比如世界的空间不可分性。

英文摘要:

It is widely accepted that a Born probability of 1 is sufficient for the existence of a corresponding element of reality. Recently Vaidman has extended this idea to the ABL probabilities of the time-symmetrized version of quantum mechanics originated by Aharonov, Bergmann, and Lebowitz. Several authors have objected to Vaidman's time-symmetrized elements of reality without casting doubt on the widely accepted sufficiency condition for `ordinary' elements of reality. In this paper I show that while the proper truth condition for a quantum counterfactual is an ABL probability of 1, neither a Born probability of 1 nor an ABL probability of 1 is sufficient for the existence of an element of reality. The reason this is so is that the contingent properties of quantum-mechanical systems are extrinsic. To obtain this result, I need to discuss objective probabilities, retroactive causality, and the objectivity or otherwise of the psychological arrow of time. One consequence of the extrinsic nature of quantum-mechanical properties is that quantum mechanics presupposes property-defining actual events (or states of affairs) and therefore cannot be called upon to account for their occurrence (existence). Neither these events nor the correlations between them are capable of explanation, the former because they are causal primaries, the latter because they are fundamental: there are no underlying causal processes. Causal connections are something we project onto the statistical correlations, and this works only to the extent that statistical variations can be ignored. There are nevertheless important conclusions to be drawn from the quantum-mechanical correlations, such as the spatial nonseparability of the world.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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