This paper follows up on a recent pre-print (Durham [2005]) by first deriving a set theoretic relationship between the generalized uncertainty relations and the Clauser-Horne inequalities. The physical, metaphysical, and metamathematical implications and problems are then explored. The discussion builds on previous work by Pitowsky [1994] and suggests that there is a fundamental problem in quantum correlation that could potentially lead to a paradox. It leaves open the question of whether the problem is in experiment, theory, or phenomena.
A correlation inequality is derived from local realism and a supplementary assumption. Unlike Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality [or Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality] which is violated by quantum mechanics by a factor of $\sqrt 2$, this inequality is violated by a factor of 1.5. Thus the magnitude of violation of this inequality is approximately 20.7% larger than the magnitude of violation of previous inequalities. Moreover, unlike CH (or CHSH) inequality which requires the measurement of five detection probabilities, the present inequality requires the measurement of only two detection…
We construct a Bell inequality from the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality for two qubits that provides a stronger bound on the correlations of entangled states than allowed by the CHSH inequality. The argument involved here can be generalized to $n$ qubits. The inequalities obtained are violated by all the generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states of multiqubits.
An inequality is deduced from Einstein's locality and a supplementary assumption. This inequality defines an experiment which can actually be performed with present technology to test local realism. Quantum mechanics violate this inequality a factor of 1.5. In contrast, quantum mechanics violates previous inequalities (for example, Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality of 1969, Freedman-Clauser inequality of 1972, Clauser-Horne inequality of 1974) by a factor of $\sqrt 2$. Thus the magnitude of violation of the inequality derived in this paper is approximately $20.7%$ larger than the magnitude…
In this paper we present the results of numerical calculations about the minimal value of detection efficiency for violating the Clauser - Horne inequality for qutrits. Our results show how the use of non-maximally entangled states largely improves this limit respect to maximally entangled ones. A stronger resistance to noise is also found.
We propose here a scheme, based on the measurement of quadrature phase coherence, aimed at testing the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality in an optomechanical setting. Our setup is constituted by two optical cavities dispersively coupled to a common mechanical resonator. We show that it is possible to generate EPR-like correlations between the quadratures of the output fields of the two cavities, and, depending on the system parameters, to observe the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality.
Relativistic causality forbids superluminal signaling between distant observers. By exploiting the non-signaling principle, we derive the exact relationship between the chained Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt sum of correlations CHSH_K and the success probability P_K associated with Hardy's ladder test of nonlocality for two qubits and K+1 observables per qubit. Then, by invoking the Tsirelson bound for CHSH_K, the derived relationship allows us to establish an upper limit on P_K. In addition, we draw the connection between CHSH_K and the chained version of the Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality.
Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality (in terms of correlation functions) of two qutrits is studied in detail by employing tritter measurements. A uniform formula for the maximum value of this inequality for tritter measurements is obtained. Based on this formula, we show that non-maximally entangled states violate the Bell-CHSH inequality more strongly than the maximally entangled one. This result is consistent with what was obtained by Ac{í}n {\it et al} [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 65}, 052325 (2002)] using the Bell-Clauser-Horne inequality (in terms of probabilities).
An analysis of detector-efficiency in many-site Clauser-Horne inequalities is presented, for the case of perfect visibility. It is shown that there is a violation of the presented n-site Clauser-Horne inequalities if and only if the efficiency is greater than n/(2n-1). Thus, for a two-site two-setting experiment there are no quantum-mechanical predictions that violate local realism unless the efficiency is greater than 2/3. Secondly, there are n-site experiments for which the quantum-mechanical predictions violate local realism whenever the efficiency exceeds 1/2.
Quantum nonlocality, one of the most important features of quantum mechanics, is normally connected in experiments with the violation of Bell-Clauser-Horne (Bell-CH) inequalities. We propose effective methods for the rearrangement and linear inequality to prove a large variety of Bell-CH inequalities. We also derive a set of Bell-CH inequalities by using these methods which can be violated in some quantum entangled states.
In this brief report we show the new Bell-Clauser-Horne inequality for two entangled three dimensional quantum systems (so called qutrits). This inequality is violated by a maximally entangled state of two qutrits observed via symmetric three input and three output port beamsplitter only if the amount of noise in the system equals ${11-6\sqrt3 \over 2}\approx 0.308$. This is in perfect agreement with the previous numerical calculations presented in Kaszlikowski {\it et. al.} Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 85}, 4418 (2000).
We consider violation of CHSH inequality for states before and after entanglement swapping. We present a pair of initial states which do not violate CHSH inequality however the final state violates CHSH inequality for some results of Bell measurements performed in order to swap entanglement.
Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality for bipartite systems of 4-dimension is studied in detail by employing the unbiased eight-port beam splitters measurements. The uniform formulae for the maximum and minimum values of this inequality for such measurements are obtained. Based on these formulae, we show that an optimal non-maximally entangled state is about 6% more resistant to noise than the maximally entangled one. We also give the optimal state and the optimal angles which are important for experimental realization.
In this paper we show a Bell inequality of Clauser-Horne type for three three-dimensional systems (qutrits). Violation of the inequality by quantum mechanics is shown for the case in which each of the three observers measures two non-commuting observables, defined by the so called unbiased symmetric six port beamsplitters, on a maximally entangled state of three qutrits. The strength of the violation of the inequality agrees with the numerical results presented in Kaszlikowski et. al., quant-ph//0202019.
According to Bell's theorem a large class of hidden-variable models obeying Bell's notion of local causality conflict with the predictions of quantum mechanics. Recently, a Bell-type theorem has been proven using a weaker notion of local causality, yet assuming the existence of perfectly correlated event types. Here we present a similar Bell-type theorem without this latter assumption. The derived inequality differs from the Clauser-Horne inequality by some small correction terms, which render it less constraining.
We show that the Hardy nonlocality condition is equivalent to the violation of the CHSH inequality with additional constraints. We adapt the geometrical optimization of the violation of the CHSH inequality to these additional constraints and show that the Hardy condition is equivalent to optimizing the length difference of two sides in a triangle. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of the different constraints.
The Clauser-Horne-Shimony and Holt inequality applies when measurements with binary outcomes are performed on physical systems under the assumption of local realism. Testing such inequalities in the quantum realm usually involves either measurements of two--valued quantum observables or pre-defining a context dependent binning procedure. Here we establish the conditions to test the Clauser-Horne-Shimony and Holt inequality using any quantum observable. Our result applies to observables with an arbitrary spectrum and no prior knowledge of their underlying Hilbert space's dimension is required. …
Boolean logic is used to prove the CHSH inequalities. The proof elucidates the connection be- tween Einstein elements of reality and quantum non locality. The violation of the CHSH inequality by quantum theory is discussed and the two stage view of quantum measurement relevance to incompatible observables is outlined.
General tradeoff relations present in nonlocal correlations of bipartite systems are studied, regardless of any specific quantum states and measuring directions. Extensions to multipartite scenarios are possible and very promising. Tsirelson's bound can be derived out in particular. The close connection with uncertainty relations is also presented and discussed.
Maximally entangled states should maximally violate the Bell inequality. In this paper, it is proved that all two-qubit states that maximally violate the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality are exactly Bell states and the states obtained from them by local unitary transformations. The proof is obtained by using the certain algebraic properties that Pauli's matrices satisfy. The argument is extended to the three-qubit system. Since all states obtained by local unitary transformations of a maximally entangled state are equally valid entangled states, we thus give the characterizations of …
Bell test is one of the most important tools in quantum information science. On the one hand, it enables fundamental test for the physics laws of nature, and on the other hand, it can be also applied in varieties of device independent tasks such as quantum key distribution and random number generation. In practice, loopholes existing in experimental demonstrations of Bell tests may affect the validity of the conclusions. In this work, we focus on the randomness (freewill) loophole and investigate the randomness requirement in a well-known Bell test, the Clauser-Horne test, under various condit…
Some authors have raised the question whether the probabilities stemming from a quantum mechanical computation are entitled to enter the Bell and the Clauser-Horne inequalities. They have remarked that if the quantum probabilities are given the status of conditional ones and the statistics for the various settings of the detectors in a given experiment is properly kept into account, the inequalities happen to be no longer violated. In the present paper a classical simile modeled after the quantum mechanical instances is closely scrutinised. It is shown that the neglect of the conditional chara…
Imagine two parties, Alice and Bob who share an entangled quantum state. A well-established result that if Alice performs two-outcome measurement on the portion of the state in her possession and Bob does likewise, they are able to produce correlations that cannot be reproduced by any classical theory. The allowed classical correlations can be expressed quantitatively by the Bell inequalities. Here we propose new families of Bell inequalities, as a generalization of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality and show that the maximum violation of these Bell inequalities allowed by quantu…
Recently, the results of the first experimental test for entangled photons closing the detection loophole (also referred to as the fair sampling loophole) were published (Vienna, 2013). From the theoretical viewpoint the main distinguishing feature of this long-aspired experiment was that the Eberhard inequality was used. Almost simultaneously another experiment closing this loophole was performed (Urbana-Champaign, 2013) and it was based on the Clauser-Horne inequality (for probabilities). The aim of this note is to analyze the mathematical and experimental equivalence of tests based on the E…
In the paper the EPR-Bohm scenario will be reproduced in an algebraic quantum field theoretical setting with locally finite degrees of freedom. It will be shown that for a set of spatially separated correlating events (projections) maximally violating the Clauser-Horne inequality there can be given a common causal explanation if commutativity is abandoned between the common cause and the correlating events. Moreover, the noncommuting common cause will be local and supported in the common past of the correlating events.
We generalize the correlation functions of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality to arbitrarily high-dimensional systems. Based on this generalization, we construct the general CHSH inequality for bipartite quantum systems of arbitrarily high dimensionality, which takes the same simple form as CHSH inequality for two-dimension. This inequality is optimal in the same sense as the CHSH inequality for two dimensional systems, namely, the maximal amount by which the inequality is violated consists with the maximal resistance to noise. We also discuss the physical meaning and general def…
The best upper bound for the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality was first derived by Tsirelson. For increasing number of $\pm 1$ valued observables on both sites of the correlation experiment, Tsirelson obtained the Grothendieck's constant ($\mathcal{K}_{G}\approx 1.73\pm0.06$) as a limit for the maximal violation. In this paper, we construct a generalization of the CHSH inequality with four $\pm 1$ valued observables on both sites of a correlation experiment and show that the quantum violation approaching 1.58. Moreover, we estimate the maximal quantum violation of …
In this work we aim to analyze the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt CHSH inequality strictly in the context of probability theory. In the course of assembling inequality we have to take care not to produce assumptions a priori, that is, physically or intuitively accepted suppositions. Of course, this does not mean that after these considerations, we put the adequate physical conditions suitable and generally accepted in these contexts. This allows us to clearly visualize the possibility of finding a greater inequality than that of CHSH in which it is included. This inequality does not contradict the…
The Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality is a constraint that local theories must obey. Quantum Mechanics predicts a violation of this inequality in certain experimental settings. Treatments of this subject frequently make simplifying assumptions about the probability spaces available to a local hidden variable theory, such as assuming the state of the system is a discrete or absolutely continuous random variable, or assuming that repeated experimental trials are independent and identically distributed. In this paper, we do two things: first, show that the CHSH inequality holds even fo…
Application of CHSH game in Linear Cryptanalysis is presented. Till date, the known usage of CHSH game in Quantum Cryptology is to verify the device independence of the protocols. We observed that the classical symmetric ciphers having the bias equal to 0:25 can be improved to 0:35 exploiting the game which indicates clear improvement over existing Linear and Differential cryptanalysis. In the present initiative, we showed the application of the game in linear cryptanalysis on a lightweight cipher named SIMON. However, the approach can be extended to Differential cryptanalysis too. This observ…
The Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality can validly test aspects of locality when properly applied. This paper analyzes a recent CH-based EPRB experiment, the Christensen et al. experiment. Full details of the data analysis applied to the experiment are given. An alternative analysis is also presented that considers the role of accidental coincidences and confirms and justifies the main analysis. It is shown that the experiment confirms locality and disconfirms the quantum joint prediction. To make sense of this surprising finding, the conclusion presents a new rational interpretation of the EPR par…
We study a recently proposed Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequality [arXiv- 1412.8178 (2014)]. Analogous to Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality for Bell nonlocality, in the simplest scenario, i.e., 2 parties, 2 measurements per party and 2 outcomes per measurement, this newly proposed inequality has been proved to be necessary and sufficient for steering. In this article, using an equivalence between measurement incompatibility (non joint measurability) and steering, we find the optimal violation amount of this inequality in quantum theory. Interestingly, the optimal violation am…
Non-local games are an important part of quantum information processing. Recently there has been an increased interest in generalizing non-local games beyond the basic setup by considering games with multiple parties and/or with large alphabet inputs and outputs. In this paper we consider another interesting generalization -- games with non-uniform inputs. Here we derive a tight upper bound for the classical winning probability for a specific family of non-local games with non-uniform input distribution, known as $\mathrm{CHSH}_q(p)$ which was introduced recently in the context of relativistic…
We investigate quantum nonlocality of a single-photon entangled state under feasible measurement techniques consisting of on-off and homodyne detections along with unitary operations of displacement and squeezing. We test for a potential violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, in which each of the bipartite party has a freedom to choose between 2 measurement settings, each measurement yielding a binary outcome. We find that single-photon quantum nonlocality can be detected when two or less of the 4 total measurements are carried out by homodyne detection. The largest vio…
We propose a geometric multiparty extension of Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality. The standard CH inequality can be shown to be an implication of the fact that statistical separation between two events, $A$ and $B$, defined as $P(A\oplus B)$, where $A\oplus B=(A-B)\cup(B-A)$, satisfies the axioms of a distance. Our extension for tripartite case is based on triangle inequalities for the statistical separations of three probabilistic events $P(A\oplus B \oplus C)$. We show that Mermin inequality can be retrieved from our extended CH inequality for three subsystems. With our tripartite CH inequality,…
In the spirit of device-independent cryptography, we present a two-party quantum authorization primitive with non-locality as its fueling resource. Therein, users are attributed authorization levels granting them access to a private database accordingly. The authorization levels are encoded in the non-local resources distributed to the users, and subsequently confirmed by their ability to win CHSH games using such resources. We formalize the protocol, prove its security, and frame it in the device-independent setting employing the notion of CHSH self-testing via simulation. Finally, we provide…
We study the relation between the maximal violation of Svetlichny's inequality and the mixedness of quantum states and obtain the optimal state (i.e., maximally nonlocal mixed states, or MNMS, for each value of linear entropy) to beat the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt and the Svetlichny games. For the two-qubit and three-qubit MNMS, we showed that these states are also the most tolerant state against white noise, and thus serve as valuable quantum resources for such games. In particular, the quantum prediction of the MNMS decreases as the linear entropy increases, and then ceases to be nonlocal w…
Thanks to its immunity to the detection loophole, the Clauser-Horne/Eberhard inequality plays an important role in tests of locality and in certification of quantum information protocols based on entanglement. I describe a local model that violates the inequality using a plausible mechanism relying upon a parameter of the apparatus, the source emission rate. The effect is generated through the analysis of time-tagged data using a standard windowed coincidence counting method. Significantly, the detection times here are not functions of the measurement settings, i.e., the fair coincidences assu…
Recent experiments have reached detection efficiencies sufficient to close the detection loophole, testing the Clauser-Horne (CH) version of Bell's inequality. For a similar future experiment to be completely loophole-free, it will be important to have discrete experimental trials with randomized measurement settings for each trial, and the statistical analysis should not overlook the possibility of a local state varying over time with possible dependence on earlier trials (the "memory loophole"). In this paper, a mathematical model for such a CH experiment is presented, and a method for stati…
The Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality (and its permutations), are necessary and sufficient criteria for Bell nonlocality in the simplest Bell-nonlocality scenario: 2 parties, 2 measurements per party and 2 outcomes per measurement. Here we derive an inequality for EPR-steering that is an analogue of the CHSH, in that it is necessary and sufficient in this same scenario. However, since in the case of steering the device at Bob's site must be specified (as opposed to the Bell case in which it is a black box), the scenario we consider is that where Alice performs two (black-box) dichot…
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Quantum Realizability of Correlations for Arbitrary Normalized Observables in the Clauser--Horne--Shimony--Holt Setup
We derive a new inequality that is necessary and sufficient to show EPR-steering in a scenario employing only correlations between two arbitrary dichotomic measurements on each party. Thus the inequality is a complete steering analogy of the CHSH inequality, a generalisation of the result of Cavalcanti et al, JOSA B, 32(4), A74 (2015). We show that violation of the inequality only requires measuring over equivalence classes of mutually unbiased measurements on the trusted party and in fact assuming a general two qubit system arbitrary pairs of distinct projective measurements at the trusted pa…
Quantum theory imposes a strict limit on the strength of non-local correlations. It only allows for a violation of the CHSH inequality up to the value 2 sqrt(2), known as Tsirelson's bound. In this note, we consider generalized CHSH inequalities based on many measurement settings with two possible measurement outcomes each. We demonstrate how to prove Tsirelson bounds for any such generalized CHSH inequality using semidefinite programming. As an example, we show that for any shared entangled state and observables X_1,...,X_n and Y_1,...,Y_n with eigenvalues +/- 1 we have |<X_1 Y_1> + <X_2 Y_1>…
In this paper we derive the Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality for the full electron counting statistics in a mesoscopic multiterminal conductor and we discuss its properties. We first consider the idealized situation in which a flux of entangled electrons is generated by an entangler. Given a certain average number of incoming entangled electrons, the CH inequality can be evaluated for different numbers of transmitted particles. Strong violations occur when the number of transmitted charges on the two terminals is the same ($Q_1=Q_2$), whereas no violation is found for $Q_1\ne Q_2$. We then consid…
The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol is proposed to remove the detector side channel attacks, while its security relies on the assumption that the encoding systems are perfectly characterized. In contrast, the MDI-QKD protocol based on the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality (CHSH-MDI-QKD) weakens this assumption, which only requires the quantum state to be prepared in the two-dimensional Hilbert space and the devices are independent. In experimental realizations, the weak coherent state, which is always used in QKD systems due to the lack of an idea…
We present an investigation of the $CHSH$ inequality within a relativistic quantum field theory model built up with a pair of free massive scalar fields $(φ_A, φ_B)$ where, as it is customary, the indices $(A,B)$ refer to Alice and Bob, respectively. A set of bounded Hermitian operators is introduced by making use of the Weyl operators. A $CHSH$ type correlator is constructed and evaluated in the Fock vacuum by means of the canonical quantization. Although the observed violation of the $CHSH$ inequality turns out to be rather small as compared to Tsirelson's bound of Quantum Mechanics, the mod…
We examine the non-Markovian dynamics in a multipartite system of two initially correlated atomic qubits, each located in a single-mode leaky cavity and interacting with its own bosonic reservoir. We show the dominance of non-Markovian features, as quantified by the difference in fidelity of the evolved system with its density matrix at an earlier time, in three specific two-qubit partitions associated with the cavity-cavity and atom-reservoir density matrices within the same subsystem, and the cavity-reservoir reduced matrix across the two subsystems. The non-Markovianity in the cavity-cavity…
Self-testing refers to the phenomenon that certain extremal quantum correlations (almost) uniquely identify the quantum system under consideration. For instance observing the maximal violation of the CHSH inequality certifies that the two parties share a singlet. While self-testing results are known for several classes of states, in many cases they are only applicable if the observed statistics are almost perfect, which makes them unsuitable for practical applications. Practically relevant self-testing bounds are much less common and moreover they all result from a single numerical method (wit…
A correlation inequality is derived from local realism and a supplementary assumption. This inequality is violated by a factor of 1.5 in the case of real experiments, whereas previous inequalities such as Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality of 1969 and Clauser-Horne inequality of 1974 are violated by a factor of $\sqrt 2$. Thus the magnitude of violation of this inequality is approximately 20.7% larger than the magnitude of violation of previous inequalities. Moreover, the present inequality can be used to test locality very simply because it requires the measurements of only two detection p…
The interpretation of the violation of Bell-Clauser-Horne inequalities is revisited, in relation with the notion of extension of QM predictions to unmeasurable correlations. Such extensions are compatible with QM predictions in many cases, in particular for observables with compatibility relations described by tree graphs. This implies classical representability of any set of correlations < A_i >, < B >, < A_i B >, and the equivalence of the Bell-Clauser-Horne inequalities to a non void intersection between the ranges of values for the unmeasurable correlation < A_1 A_2 > associated to differe…
