J. Baehr, H. -J. Grabosch, V. Kantserov, H. Leich, R. Leiste, R. Nahnhauer
Using scintillator tile technology several square meters of plastic scintillator are read out by only two photomultiplier with a time precision of about 1.5 nsec. Two examples are discussed to build a detector based on this technology to search for cosmic muons and neutrinos.
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A plastic scintillator bar with dimensions 300 cm x 2.5 cm x 11 cm was exposed to a focused muon beam to study its light yield and timing characteristics as a function of position and angle of incidence. The scintillating light was read out at both ends by photomultiplier tubes whose pulse shapes were recorded by waveform digitizers. Results obtained with the WAVECATCHER and SAMPIC digitizers are analyzed and compared. A discussion of the various factors affecting the timing resolution is presented. Prospects for applications of plastic scintillator technology in large-scale particle physics d…
In this study an array of eight 6 mm x 6 mm area SiPMs was coupled to the end of a long plastic scintillator counter which was exposed to a 2.5 GeV/c muon beam at the CERN PS. Timing characteristics of bars with dimensions 150 cm x 6 cm x 1 cm and 120 cm x 11 cm x 2.5 cm have been studied. An 8-channel SiPM anode readout ASIC (MUSIC R1) based on a novel low input impedance current conveyor has been used to read out and amplify SiPMs independently and sum the signals at the end. Prospects for applications in large-scale particle physics detectors with timing resolution below 100 ps are provided…
The advent of silicon photomultipliers has enabled big advances in high energy physics instrumentation, for example by allowing the construction of extremely granular hadronic calorimeters with photon sensors integrated into small scintillator tiles. Direct coupling of the SiPM to the plastic scintillator, without use of wavelength shifting fibers, provides a fast detector response, making such devices well suited for precise timing measurements. We have constructed a setup consisting of 15 such scintillator tiles read out with fast digitizers with deep buffers to measure the time structure of…
We study the light output, light collection efficiency and signal timing of a variety of organic scintillators that are being considered for the upgrade of the hadronic calorimeter of the CMS detector. The experimental data are collected at the H2 test-beam area at CERN, using a 150 GeV muon beam. In particular, we investigate the usage of over-doped and green-emitting plastic scintillator, two solutions that have not been extensively considered. We present a study of the energy distribution in plastic-scintillator tiles, the hit efficiency as a function of the hit position, and a study of the…
Cosmic-ray characterization of a timing detector based on extruded scintillators and wavelength-shifting fibers read-out through SiPMs
该研究通过宇宙射线望远镜测试了不同配置的SiPM读出定时探测器，获得了光产额、时间及坐标分辨率结果，为其性能表征提供了实验依据。
In this work we attempt to establish the best time resolution attainable with a scintillation counter consisting of a plastic scintillator read out by a Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiode. The measured time resolution is inversely proportional to the square root of the energy deposited in the scintillator, and scales to 18ps (sigma) at 1MeV. This result competes with the best ones reported for photomultiplier tubes.
Liquid-scintillator-based detectors are a robust technology that scales well to large volumes. For this reason, they are attractive for experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay. A combination of improved photo-detection technology and novel liquid scintillators may allow for the extraction of particle direction in addition to the total energy of the particle. Such an advance would find applications beyond searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay.
Imaging hadronic calorimeters with scintillator readout use small scintillator tiles individually read out by silicon photomultipliers to achieve the necessary granularity needed for sophisticated reconstruction algorithms at future collider detectors. For a second generation prototype of the CALICE analog HCAL new, 3 mm thick scintillator tiles with an embedded wavelength shifting fiber and new photon sensor from CPTA are being fabricated. The availability of blue-sensitive SiPMs also allows fiberless coupling of the photon sensor to the tile, a technique requiring modified geometries to achi…
Plastic scintillators are widely used in particle detectors when precise timing information is required. As a basis for comparing different detectors we use such a characteristic as the time resolution per 1MeV detected energy, i.e. the expected time resolution assuming the deposited energy in the scintillator equals to 1MeV and all the scintillation light is collected to the photosensor. In this work we measure this parameter with BC422 plastic scintillator read out by different SiPMs. The best obtained value is about 6ps, which is almost a factor of 3 better compared to our earlier result fr…
High-Resolution Timing for Vertex-Reconstructed Muon-Spin Spectroscopy Using Plastic Scintillators and MuTRiG
本研究通过将MuTRiG ASIC读出的塑料闪烁体探测器集成到MuSiP vx-μSR谱仪中，在保持空间分辨率的同时实现了亚300皮秒的时间分辨率，从而将μ子自旋谱学的可测频率范围扩展到50 MHz以上。
Results are presented on R&D efforts to design and build large size veto panels, optimized for underground low background experiments, in the most efficient and economical way using commercially available components. A variety of plastic scintillators, photomultiplier tubes, wavelength shifting fibers, and light reflector combinations were tested. Results of these studies and performance of a 2.2 meter long panel are presented.
The recent availability of blue sensitive silicon photomultipliers allows the direct readout of blue emitting plastic scintillator tiles without the use of a wavelength shifting fiber. Such directly read out tiles, without light guides, are attractive for the use in highly granular calorimeters that use large numbers of individual cells and in other applications where very compact designs are needed. However, the total signal amplitude and the uniformity of the response can be problematic in such cases. We have developed a scanning setup to investigate the response of scintillator tiles with S…
The results of a development of a scintillator counter with wavelength shifting (WLS) fibre and a multi-pixel Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode readout are presented. The photodiode has a metal-resistor-semiconductor layered structure and operates in the limited Geiger mode. The scintillator counter has been developed for the EMMA underground cosmic ray experiment.
Temperature Dependence of the Time Resolution in a SiPM-Readout Plastic Scintillator for Cosmic-Ray Applications
针对宇宙线探测中SiPM读出塑料闪烁体性能受温度影响的问题，构建TOF原型开展控温测试，验证其在-20至20℃范围内可实现稳定的160ps最优时间分辨率。
This paper discusses the effects of radiation damage to SiPMs on the performances of plastic scintillator counters with series-connected SiPM readout, focusing on timing measurements. The performances of a counter composed of a $120 \times 40 \times5~\mathrm{mm}^3$ scintillator tile read out by two sets of six SiPMs from AdvanSiD connected in series attached on the short sides are presented, for different combinations of SiPMs at various levels of irradiation. Firstly, six SiPMs were equally irradiated with electrons from $^{90}$Sr sources up to a fluence of $Φ_\mathrm{e^-}\approx 3 \times 10^…
High-time-resolution counters based on plastic scintillator with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout have been developed for applications to high energy physics experiments for which relatively large-sized counters are required. We have studied counter sizes up to $120\times40\times5$ mm^3 with series connection of multiple SiPMs to increase the sensitive area and thus achieve better time resolution. A readout scheme with analog shaping and digital waveform analysis is optimized to achieve the highest time resolution. The timing performance is measured using electrons from a Sr-90 radioacti…
The CALICE collaboration is presently constructing a test hadron calorimeter (HCAL) with 7620 scintillator tiles read out by novel photo-detectors - Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). This prototype is the first device which uses SiPMs on a large scale. We present the design of the HCAL and report on measured properties of more than 10 thousand SiPMs. We discuss the SiPM efficiency, gain, cross-talk, and noise rate dependence on bias voltage and temperature, including the spread in these parameters. We analyze the reasons for SiPM rejection and present the results of the long term stability stu…
Fluorescence time profile measurement of LAB based liquid scintillator in response to medium relativistic ion particles
研究首次测量了LAB液体闪烁体对高能氢、氦和氪离子的荧光时间特性，发现其dE/dX依赖性，对超新星中微子背景搜索和闪烁时间机制理解具有重要意义。
Comprehensive study of timing resolution in plastic scintillator detectors with wavelength-shifting fiber and silicon photomultiplier readout
研究通过结合半解析框架、玩具蒙特卡罗验证及Geant4光学光子模拟，对基于波长转移光纤和硅光电倍增管读出的塑料闪烁体探测器时间分辨率展开全面研究，给出分析模型并验证，经参数扫描生成设计图和查找表以优化探测器。
We present a technique for separating nuclear double beta decay ($ββ$-decay) events from background neutrino interactions due to $^{8}$B decays in the sun. This background becomes dominant in a kiloton-scale liquid-scintillator detector deep underground and is usually considered as irreducible due to an overlap in deposited energy with the signal. However, electrons from 0$νββ$-decay often exceed the Cherenkov threshold in liquid scintillator, producing photons that are prompt and correlated in direction with the initial electron direction. The use of large-area fast photodetectors allows some…
Plastic organic scintillators have been tailored in composition to achieve ultra-fast temporal response, thereby enabling the design and development of fast neutron detection systems with high timing resolution. Eljen Technology's plastic organic scintillators -- EJ-230, EJ-232, and EJ-232Q -- are prospective candidates for use in emerging neutron imaging systems, where fast timing is paramount. To support the neutron response characterization of these materials, the relative proton light yields of EJ-230, EJ-232, and EJ-232Q were measured at the 88-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National…
We present preliminary results on efficiency and light collection uniformity read out performances of different assemblies of scintillator tiles, coupled with solid state photon detectors of different make. Our test beam data suggest that the use of 2 mm scintillator tiles without wavelength shifting fibers may be possible in an ILC hadron calorimeter.
The barrel time-of-flight (TOF) detector for the PANDA experiment at FAIR in Darmstadt is planned as a scintillator tile hodoscope (SciTil) using 8000 small scintillator tiles. It will provide fast event timing for a software trigger in the otherwise trigger-less data acquisition scheme of PANDA, relative timing in a multiple track event topology as well as additional particle identification in the low momentum region. The goal is to achieve a time resolution of sigma ~ 100 ps. We have conducted measurements using organic scintillators coupled to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM). The results ar…
Exploring Scintillators and Cherenkov Radiators for MIP Timing Detectors
本文通过蒙特卡洛模拟和CERN SPS实验，测试了快速发光材料作为MIP定时探测器的性能，发现切伦科夫材料时间分辨率达24-36 ps，闪烁体低于15 ps（最佳12.1 ps），并探讨了BaF2掺杂钇的改进效果。
Digitization of detector signals enables analysis of the original waveform to extract timing, particle identification, and energy deposition information. Here we present the use of analytical functions based on sigmoids to model and fit such pulse shapes from liquid organic scintillators, though the method should also be applicable to other detector systems. Neutron and gamma interactions in NE213 detectors were digitized from the phototube anode and fit using a sigmoid-based function. The acuity of the fit in extracting timing information and performing neutron-gamma pulse-shape discriminatio…
Plastic scintillator detectors have been extensively used in particle physics experiments for decades. A large-scale detector is typically arranged as an array of staggered long bars which provide a fast trigger signal and/or particle identification via time-of-flight measurements. Scintillation light is collected by photosensors coupled to both ends of every bar. In this article, we present our study on a direct replacement of commonly used vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) by arrays of large-area silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). An SiPM array which is directly coupled to the scintillator …
The simulation study of the light yield and attenuation in the plastic scintillator was performed. The wavelength shifting fiber readout was embedded in the grooves machined along the entire strip surface. The scintillator strips was irradiated with a radiation source {}^{90}Sr or cosmic muons along and across the strip.
New fiber read-out design for the large area scintillator detectors: providing good amplitude and time resolutions
本文提出在闪烁体表面垂直布置透明光纤矩阵，以低成本实现大面积探测器均匀表面缩减，并给出光收集效率、时间展宽和脉冲波形的解析估算。
We report on the position, timing, and energy resolution of a range of plastic scintillator bars and reflector treatments using dual-ended silicon photomultiplier readout. These measurements are motivated by the upcoming construction of an optically segmented single-volume neutron scatter camera, in which neutron elastic scattering off of hydrogen is used to kinematically reconstruct the source direction and energy of an incoming neutron. For this application, interaction position resolutions of about 10 mm and timing resolutions of about 1 ns are necessary to achieve the desired efficiency fo…
We report on the energy, timing, and pulse-shape discrimination performance of cylindrical 5 cm diameter x 5 cm thick and 7 cm diameter x 7 cm thick {\it trans}-stilbene crystals read out with the passively summed output of three different commercial silicon photo-multiplier arrays. Our results indicate that using the summed output of an 8x8 array of SiPMs provides performance competitive with photo-multiplier tubes for many neutron imaging and correlated particle measurements: for the 5x5 cm crystal read out with SensL's ArrayJ-60035\_64P-PCB, which had the best overall properties, we measure…
108 ps coincidence time resolution through optimized scintillators, photodetectors, readout electronics, and DOI-based timing correction in orthogonally stacked detector configurations
该研究提出正交堆叠的xDetector构型，通过优化闪烁体、光电探测器、读出电子学及三维相互作用CTR校正，使系统CTR达108.6 ps FWHM，较传统探测器提升10.3%，有望助力TOF-PET性能提升
Photon readout of plastic scintillators is investigated with the aim of improving the precision of neutron \b{eta} decay experiments. Neutron decay is nowadays studied with high statistics, based on up to 109 registered decay events, and leads to strongly improved limits on new physics beyond the standard model, with \b{eta}s often registered in plastic scintillators. The main systematic errors in these experiments are due to imperfect characterization of the scintillators with respect to linearity, energy resolution, and electron backscattering. We study whether these errors can be diminished…
Calibration of the Scintillation Timing in SNO+ using In-Situ Backgrounds
本文提出利用SNO+探测器原位符合本底快速校准液体闪烁体时间响应的新方法，可同时校准β⁻和α发射时间并持续监测本底，从而支持基于时间的粒子甄别。
In this paper we discuss a general approach to use SiPMs in different electrical configurations in combination with numerous scintillator materials for applications in nuclear instrumentation, such as calorimetry and timing. The "hybrid" configuration used in the PANDA detector was found to show the fastest timing properties with several hundred pico second response by combining the advantages of a large active area while avoiding high operation voltages and dark noise. A "parallel" configuration shows the largest light collection efficiency and is therefore suitable for energy measurements. S…
This work presents the design and performance study of compact strips of plastic scintillator with WLS-fiber readout in a dimension of 0.1 * 0.02 * 2 m3, which evaluates as a candidate for cosmic-ray muon detector for JUNO-TAO. The strips coupling with 3-inch PMTs are measured and compared between the single-end and double-end readout options first, and the strip of double-end option coupling with SiPM is further measured and compared with the results of that with the PMTs. The performance of the strips determined by a detailed survey along their length with cosmic-ray muon after a detailed ch…
In recent years, a number of purpose-built scintillator-based polarimeters have studied bright astronomical sources for the first time in the hard X-ray band (tens to hundreds of keV). The addition of polarimetry can help data interpretation by resolving model-dependent degeneracies. The typical instrument approach is that incident X-rays scatter off a plastic scintillator into an adjacent scintillator cell. In all missions to date, the scintillators are read out using traditional vacuum tube photo-multipliers (PMTs). The advent of solid-state PMTs ("silicon PM" or "MPPC") is attractive for sp…
Design and Performance of a Monolithic Plastic Scintillator Tracker with Embedded Scatterers
提出一种基于单片塑料闪烁体板、嵌入散射体和波长移位光纤读出的新型闪烁体跟踪器概念，通过束流测试验证了位置重建原理，实现了近100%探测效率和亚毫米级位置分辨率。
Design optimization of JUNO-TAO plastic scintillator with WLS-fiber and SiPM readout
本研究针对JUNO-TAO实验的塑料闪烁体，通过仿真优化WLS光纤配置并经原型验证，设计了顶部反符合径迹探测器，实现了高μ子标记效率。
Precision calorimetry using highly granular sampling calorimeters is being developed based on the particle flow concept within the CALICE collaboration. One design option of a hadron calorimeter is based on silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to detect photons generated in plastic scintillator tiles. Driven by the need of automated mass assembly of around ten million channels stringently required by the high granularity, we developed a design of scintillator tiles directly coupled with surface-mounted SiPMs. A cavity is created in the center of the bottom surface of each tile to provide enough ro…
The design and tests of Timing Counter elements for the upgrade of the MEG experiment, MEG II,is presented. The detector is based on several small plates of scintillator with a Silicon PhotoMultipliers dual-side readout. The optimisation of the single counter elements (SiPMs, scintillators, geometry) is described. Moreover, the results obtained with a first prototype tested at the Beam Test Facility (BTF) of the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) are presented.
The timing characteristics of scintillators must be understood in order to determine which applications they are appropriate for. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are common plastics with uncommon scintillation properties. Here, we report the timing characteristics of PEN and PET, determined by exciting them with 120 GeV protons. The test beam was provided by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and the scintillators were tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. PEN and PET are found to have dominant decay constants of 34.91 ns and 6.78 ns, respectively.
Timing performance of SiPM-on-Tile elements: Laboratory and test beam measurements
为满足未来正负电子对撞机亚纳秒级定时需求，研究人员通过DESY试验束和激光测量，探究了不同尺寸SiPM-on-Tile元件的时间分辨率性能。
The application of reach-through avalanche photodiodes (R'APD) as a photodetector for scintillator tiles has been investigated. The light collected by WLS fibers (0.84mm and 1mm diameter) embedded in the scintillator has been transmited to the 0.5mm2 active surface of APD by clear optical fibers and optical connectors. A low noise charge sensitive preamplifier (approximately 400 electrons equivalent noise charge) has been used to gain the photodiode signal. Various configurations of tile-fibre systems, suitable for CMS and LHCb experiments at LHC have been studied using cosmic muons and muon b…
A 3-D position sensitive neutron detector is being developed based on a plastic scintillator array. A double side SiPM readout is used to determine the depth of interaction (DOI) in each scintillator unit. In the preliminary test, the DOI in a 254 x 6 x 6 mm3 SP101 plastic scintillator is measured at different positions using a collimated Co-60 source. The SiPM (KETEK PM6660) signals are recorded by a 2.5 GS/s digital oscilloscope. The DOI results are calculated using both the amplitude and the temporal information. Position resolutions (FWHM) of 2.5 cm and 6.6 cm are realized, respectively. A…
Scintillator-integrated microchannel plate photomultiplier tubes for ultrafast timing over keV-GeV energy scales
本文提出集成氟化钡或锗酸铋的 SCI-IMP 探测器，利用 511 keV 伽马射线和 GeV 级宇宙射线 μ 子验证其兼具能量测量与数十皮秒乃至 16.8 ps 超快计时能力。
The performance of several trigger counters based on plastic scintillators with silicon photomultiplier readout is investigated with cosmic rays. Efficiency and time resolution are measured using digital waveform analysis. The obtained results are relevant for trigger subsystems of Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) and Baryonic Matter at the Nuclotron (BM@N) at the NICA heavy-ion collider. The results show very high efficiency and good timing performance of the counters.
The performance of the $200\times2.5\times1$ cm$^3$ plastic scintillator strip with wavelength shifting fiber read-out by two novel photodetectors called Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs) is discussed. The advantages of SiPM relative to the traditional multichannel photomultiplier are shown. Light yield and light attenuation measurements are presented. This technique can be used in muon or calorimeter systems.
A detector designed to measure early particle showers has been installed in front of the central CDF calorimeter at the Tevatron. This new preshower detector is based on scintillator tiles coupled to wavelength-shifting fibers read out by multi-anode photomultipliers and has a total of 3,072 readout channels. The replacement of the old gas detector was required due to an expected increase in instantaneous luminosity of the Tevatron collider in the next few years. Calorimeter coverage, jet energy resolution, and electron and photon identification are among the expected improvements. The final d…
Radiation damage in the plastic scintillator and/or readout WLS fibers in the HE endcap calorimeter 1.4<y<4 in the CMS experiment at LHC and SLHC will require remediation after 2018. We describe one alternative using the existing brass absorber in the Endcap calorimeter, to replace the plastic scintillator tiles with BaF2 tiles, or quartz tiles coated with thin(1-5 micron) films of radiation-hard pTerphenyl(pTP) or the fast phosphor ZnO:Ga. These tiles would be read-out by easily replaceable arrays of straight, parallel WLS fibers coupled to clear plastic-cladded quartz fibers of proven radiat…
The front face of the CDF central calorimeter is being equipped with a new Preshower detector, based on scintillator tiles read out by WLS fibers, in order to cope with the luminosity increase provided by the Main Injector during the Tevatron's Run II data taking. A light yield of about 40 pe/MIP at the tile exit was obtained, exceeding the design requirements.
We have developed a photon counting detector system for combined neutron and gamma radiography which can determine position, time and intensity of a secondary photon flash created by a high-energy particle or photon within a scintillator screen. The system is based on a micro-channel plate photomultiplier concept utilizing image charge coupling to a position- and time-sensitive read-out anode placed outside the vacuum tube in air, aided by a standard photomultiplier and very fast pulse-height analyzing electronics. Due to the low dead time of all system components it can cope with the high thr…
The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of $72 \times 72\,{\rm cm}^{2}$ and a tile siz…
The timing and spectral characteristics of four highly efficient, slow fluors are presented for liquid scintillator solutions using linear alkylbenzene (LAB) as the primary solvent. The mixtures exhibit high light yields, but with rise times of several ns or more and decay times on the order of tens of ns. Consequently, such liquid scintillator mixtures can be used for effective separation of Cherenkov and scintillation components based on timing in large scale liquid scintillation detectors. Such a separation, showing high light yield and directional information, is demonstrated here on a ben…
Common Iron Passive Magnetic Shielding for Scintillator Array Photomultiplier Tubes
本研究提出了一种通用铁被动磁屏蔽方案，用于减少闪烁体阵列光电倍增管受磁场干扰的影响，通过公共铁罩和穆金属圆柱体组合，有效保持了PMT的性能。
We have developed a new laser-based time calibration system for highly segmented scintillator counters like the MEG II pixelated Timing Counter (pTC), consisting of 512-centimeter scale scintillator counters read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). It is difficult to apply previous laser-based calibration methods for conventional meter-scale Time-Of-Flight detectors to the MEG II pTC from the implementation and the accuracy points of view. This paper presents a new laser-based time calibration system which can overcome such difficulties. A laser pulse is split into each scintillator count…
A comparison of the neutron detection efficiency and response characteristics of two pixelated PSD-capable organic scintillator detectors with different photo-detection readout methods
本研究对比了采用Anger逻辑的PMT基与独立像素读出的SiPM基两种像素化PSD塑料闪烁体中子探测器，经¹³⁷Cs和²⁵²Cf源校准测量，发现SiPM基探测器在均匀性和中子探测效率上更优，效率约为PMT基的两倍。
We report on studies of non-toxic scintillating liquid useful for large surface detectors. Arrays of liquid scintillators offer a rather simple tool for detecting charged particles traversing a surface and tracking their path through a defined volume. Insertion of wavelength shifting fibres along the liquid scintillating containers significantly improves the light collection at the two ends of the scintillators. We have demonstrated that we can achieve timing resolution of O(1 ns) allowing good spatial resolution. Liquid scintillators with fibres read by Photo-multipliers or SiPMs provide an i…
A highly granular hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) based on scintillator tiles with individual readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) has been constructed by the CALICE collaboration and has been tested extensively in particle beams at CERN. The 7608 SiPMs coupled to scintillator tiles in the approximately 1 cubic meter large calorimeter allow large sample studies of behavior of these devices under varying voltage and temperature as well as their saturation behavior. We also present detailed studies of the temperature dependence of the calorimeter signal in muon and hadron beams. The calibrati…
The detection of 200-1000 MeV neutrons requires large amounts, $\sim$100 cm, of detector material because of the long nuclear interaction length of these particles. In the example of the NeuLAND neutron time-of-flight detector at FAIR, this is accomplished by using 3000 monolithic scintillator bars of 270$\times$5$\times$5 cm$^3$ size made of a fast plastic. Each bar is read out on the two long ends, and the needed time resolution of $σ_t$ $<$ 150 ps is reached with fast timing photomultipliers. In the present work, it is investigated whether silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photosensors can be …
A large acceptance scintillator detector with wavelength shifting optical fibre readout has been designed and built to detect the decay particles of $η$-nucleus bound system (the so-called $η$-mesic nuclei), namely, protons and pions. The detector, named as ENSTAR detector, consists of 122 pieces of plastic scintillator of various shapes and sizes, which are arranged in a cylindrical geometry to provide particle identification, energy loss and coarse position information for these particles. A solid angle coverage of $\sim$95% of total 4$π$ is obtained in the present design of the detector. Mo…
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