This is the introduction and bibliography for lecture notes of a course given at the Summer School on Noncommutative Geometry and Applications, sponsored by the European Mathematical Society, at Monsaraz and Lisboa, Portugal, September 1-10, 1997. In the published version, an epilogue of recent developments and many new references from 1998-2006 have been added.
1. Commutative geometry from the noncommutative point of view.
2. Spectral triples on the Riemann sphere.
3. Real spectral triples, the axiomatic foundation.
4. Geometries on the noncommutative torus.
5. The noncommutative integral.
6. Quantization and the tangent groupoid.
7. Equivalence of geometries.
8. Action functionals.
9. Epilogue: new directions.
We unveil the geometric nature of the multiplet of fundamental fermions in the Standard Model of fundamental particles as a noncommutative analogue of de Rham forms on the internal finite quantum space.
In contrast with differential operators on modules over commutative and graded commutative rings, there is no satisfactory notion of a differential operator in noncommutative geometry.
These notes contain a survey of some aspects of the theory of graded differential algebras and of noncommutative differential calculi as well as of some applications connected with physics. They also give a description of several new developments.
In this review we present some of the fundamental mathematical structures which permit to define noncommutative gauge field theories. In particular, we emphasize the theory of noncommutative connections, with the notions of curvatures and gauge transformations. Two different approaches to noncommutative geometry are covered: the one based on derivations and the one based on spectral triples. Examples of noncommutative gauge field theories are given to illustrate the constructions and to display some of the common features.
A matrix modeling formulation for translation-invariant noncommutative gauge theories is given in the setting of differential graded algebras and quantum groups. Translation-invariant products are discussed in the setting of α-cohomology and it is shown that loop calculations are entirely determined by α-cohomology class of star product in all orders. Noncommutative version of geometric quantization and (anti-) BRST transformations is worked out which leads to a noncommutative description of consistent anomalies and Schwinger terms.
This paper is concerned with the study of the geometry of determinant line bundles associated to families of spectral triples parametrized by the moduli space of gauge equivalent classes of Hermitian connections on a Hermitian finite projective module. We illustrate our results with some examples that arise in noncommutative geometry.
In this paper I discuss connections between the noncommutative geometry approach to the standard model on one side, and the internal space coming from strings on the other. The standard model in noncommutative geometry is described via the spectral action. I argue that an internal noncommutative manifold compactified at the renormalization scale, could give rise to the almost commutative geometry required by the spectral action. I then speculate how this could arise from the noncommutative geometry given by the vertex operators of a string theory.
We define and study a noncommutative Fourier transform on every homogeneous complex bounded domain. We then give an application in noncommutative differential geometry by defining noncommutative Baumslag-Solitar tori.
Recently V. Ginzburg proved that Calogero phase space is a coadjoint orbit for some infinite dimensional Lie algebra coming from noncommutative symplectic geometry. In this note we generalize this argument to specific quotient varieties of representations of (deformed) preprojective algebras. This result was also obtained independently by V. Ginzburg.
Our understanding of the notion of curvature in a noncommutative setting has progressed substantially in the past ten years. This new episode in noncommutative geometry started when a Gauss-Bonnet theorem was proved by Connes and Tretkoff for a curved noncommutative two torus. Ideas from spectral geometry and heat kernel asymptotic expansions suggest a general way of defining local curvature invariants for noncommutative Riemannian type spaces where the metric structure is encoded by a Dirac type operator. To carry explicit computations however one needs quite intriguing new ideas. We give an …
A Riemannian geometry of noncommutative n-dimensional surfaces is developed as a first step towards the construction of a consistent noncommutative gravitational theory. Historically, as well, Riemannian geometry was recognized to be the underlying structure of Einstein's theory of general relativity and led to further developments of the latter. The notions of metric and connections on such noncommutative surfaces are introduced and it is shown that the connections are metric-compatible, giving rise to the corresponding Riemann curvature. The latter also satisfies the noncommutative analogue …
This thesis concerns the research on a Lorentzian generalization of Alain Connes' noncommutative geometry. In the first chapter, we present an introduction to noncommutative geometry within the context of unification theories. The second chapter is dedicated to the basic elements of noncommutative geometry as the noncommutative integral, the Riemannian distance function and spectral triples. In the last chapter, we investigate the problem of the generalization to Lorentzian manifolds. We present a first step of generalization of the distance function with the use of a global timelike eikonal c…
A review of the applications of noncommutative geometry to a systematic formulation of duality symmetries in string theory is presented. The spectral triples associated with a lattice vertex operator algebra and the corresponding Dirac-Ramond operators are constructed and shown to naturally incorporate target space and discrete worldsheet dualities as isometries of the noncommutative space. The target space duality and diffeomorphism symmetries are shown to act as gauge transformations of the geometry. The connections with the noncommutative torus and Matrix Theory compactifications are also d…
This is the text of a series of five lectures given by the author at the "Second Annual Spring Institute on Noncommutative Geometry and Operator Algebras" held at Vanderbilt University in May 2004. It is meant as an overview of recent results illustrating the interplay between noncommutative geometry and arithmetic geometry/number theory.
In the noncommutative geometry approach to the standard model, an extra scalar field - initially suggested by particle physicist to stabilize the electroweak vacuum - makes the computation of the Higgs mass compatible with the 126 GeV experimental value. We give a brief account on how to generate this field from the Majorana mass of the neutrino, following the principles of noncommutative geometry.
In this chapter, we report the recent progress in the understanding of the rich mathematical structures of topological insulators in the framework of index theory and noncommutative geometry.
We discuss the noncommutative generalizations of polynomial algebras which after appropriate completions can be used as coordinate algebras in various noncommutative settings, (noncommutative differential geometry, noncommutative algebraic geometry, etc.). These algebras have finite presentations and are completely characterized and classified by their (noncommutative) volume forms.
An introduction is given to some selected aspects of noncommutative geometry. Simple examples in this context are provided by finite sets and lattices. As an application, it is explained how the nonlinear Toda lattice and a discrete time version of it can be understood as generalized sigma-models based on noncommutative geometries. In particular, in this way one achieves a simple understanding of the complete integrability of the Toda lattice. Furthermore, generalized metric structures on finite sets and lattices are briefly discussed.
This is an overview of recent results aimed at developing a geometry of noncommutative tori with real multiplication, with the purpose of providing a parallel, for real quadratic fields, of the classical theory of elliptic curves with complex multiplication for imaginary quadratic fields. This talk concentrates on two main aspects: the relation of Stark numbers to the geometry of noncommutative tori with real multiplication, and the shadows of modular forms on the noncommutative boundary of modular curves, that is, the moduli space of noncommutative tori. To appear in Proc. ICM 2010.
We present a physical interpretation of the doubling of the algebra, which is the basic ingredient of the noncommutative spectral geometry, developed by Connes and collaborators as an approach to unification. We discuss its connection to dissipation and to the gauge structure of the theory. We then argue, following 't Hooft's conjecture, that noncommutative spectral geometry classical construction carries implicit in its feature of the doubling of the algebra the seeds of quantization.
We study noncommutative Ricci flow in a finite dimensional representation of a noncommutative torus. It is shown that the flow exists and converges to the flat metric. We also consider the evolution of entropy and a definition of scalar curvature in terms of the Ricci flow.
We discuss a relation between bicomplexes and integrable models, and consider corresponding noncommutative (Moyal) deformations. As an example, a noncommutative version of a Toda field theory is presented.
Jets of modules over a commutative ring are well known to make up the representative objects of linear differential operators on these modules. In noncommutative geometry, jets of modules provide the representative objects only of a certain class of first order differential operators. As a consequence, a generalization of the standard Lagrangian formalism on smooth manifolds to noncommutative spaces is problematic.
We introduce a Hodge operator in a framework of noncommutative geometry. The complete integrability of 2-dimensional classical harmonic maps into groups (sigma-models or principal chiral models) is then extended to a class of 'noncommutative' harmonic maps into matrix algebras.
Spectral triples over noncommutative principal $\T^n$-bundles are studied, extending recent results about the noncommutative geometry of principal U(1)-bundles. We relate the noncommutative geometry of the total space of the bundle with the geometry of the base space. Moreover, strong connections are used to build new Dirac operators. We discuss as a particular case the commutative case, the noncommutative tori and theta deformed manifolds.
Following the general principles of noncommutative geometry, it is possible to define a metric on the space of pure states of the noncommutative algebra generated by the coordinates. This metric generalizes the usual Riemannian one. We investigate some general properties of this metric in the finite commutative case which corresponds to a metric on a finite set, and also give some examples of computations in both commutative and noncommutative cases.
This text is written for the volume of the school/conference "Noncommutative Geometry 2005" held at IPM Tehran. It gives a survey of methods and results in noncommutative geometry, based on a discussion of significant examples of noncommutative spaces in geometry, number theory, and physics. The paper also contains an outline (the ``Tehran program'') of ongoing joint work with Consani on the noncommutative geometry of the adeles class space and its relation to number theoretic questions.
The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of orbital angular momentum operator on noncommutative lattice for a circle poset by theta-quantization are constructed, and it is demonstrated that they are equivalent to those of the conventional quantum mechanics.
In Noncommutative Geometry, as in quantum theory, classically real variables are assumed to correspond to self-adjoint operators. We consider the relaxation of the requirement of self-adjointness to mere symmetry for operators $X_i$ which encode space-time information.
We observe that the main feature of the Randall-Sundrum model, used to solve the hierarchy problem, is already present in a class of Yang-Mills plus gravity theories inspired by noncommutative geometry. Strikingly the same expression for the Higgs potential is found in two models which have no apparent connection. Some speculations concerning the possible relationships are given.
We construct the elliptic Painlevé equation and its higher dimensional analogs as the action of line bundles on 1-dimensional sheaves on noncommutative surfaces.
A summary of noncommutative spectral geometry as an approach to unification is presented. The role of the doubling of the algebra, the seeds of quantization and some cosmological implications are briefly discussed.
The quantization scheme by noncommutative geometry developed in string theory is applied to establish the conservation law of twisted spin and spin current densities in the spin-orbit coupled systems. Starting from the pedagogical introduction to Hopf algebra and deformation quantization, the detailed derivation of the conservation law is given.
In this work, we describe the geometric and probabilistic properties of a noncommutative 2- torus in a magnetic field. We study the volume invariance, integrated scalar curvature and volume form by using the method of perturbation by inner derivation of the magnetic Laplacian in the noncommutative 2-torus. Then, we analyze the magnetic stochastic process describing the motion of a particle subject to a uniform magnetic field on the noncommutative 2-torus, derive and discuss the related main properties.
We study the noncommutative geometry of the dihedral group D 6 using the tools of quantum group theory. We explicit the torsion free regular spin connection and the corresponding 'Levi-Civita' connection. Next, we nd the Riemann curvature and its Ricci tensor. The main result is the Dirac operator of a representation of the group which we nd the eigenvalues and the eigenmodes.
We investigate the geometric, algebraic and homologic structures related with Poisson structure on a smooth manifold. Introduce a noncommutative foundations of these structures for a Poisson algebra. Introduce and investigate noncommutative Bott connection on a foliated manifold using the algebraic definition of submanifold and quotient manifold. Develop an algebraic construction for the reduction of a degenerated Poisson algebra.
The Jaffe-Lesniewski-Osterwalder (JLO) character is a homomorphism from K-homology to entire cyclic cohomology. This paper extends the domain of the JLO character to include Type II noncommutative geometry, the geometry represented by unbounded $θ$-summable Breuer-Fredholm modules; and shows that the JLO character coincides with the Chern-Connes character as a class in entire cyclic cohomolgoy.
We study the Borel algebra de ne by [x a ; x b ] = 2 a;1 x b as a noncommutative manifold R 3 . We calculate its noncommutative di erential form relations. We deduce its partial derivative relations and the derivative of a plane wave. After calculating its de Rham cohomology, we deduce the wave operator and its corresponding magnetic solution.
The theory of noncommutative geometry provides an interesting mathematical background for developing new physical models. In particular, it allows one to describe the classical Standard Model coupled to Euclidean gravity. However, noncommutative geometry has mainly been developed using the Euclidean signature, and the typical Lorentzian aspects of space-time, the causal structure in particular, are not taken into account. We present an extension of noncommutative geometry à la Connes suitable the for accommodation of Lorentzian structures. In this context, we show that it is possible to recove…
We associate a noncommutative curve to a periodic, bipartite, planar dimer model with polygonal boundary. It determines the inverse Kasteleyn matrix and hence all correlations. It may be seen as a quantization of the limit shape construction of Kenyon and the author in arXiv:math-ph/0507007. We also discuss various directions in which this correspondence may be generalized.
Connes' noncommutative Riemannian distance formula is constructed in two steps, the first one being the construction of a path-independent geometrical functional using a global constraint on continuous functions. This paper generalizes this first step to Lorentzian geometry. We show that, in a globally hyperbolic spacetime, a single global timelike eikonal condition is sufficient to construct a path-independent Lorentzian distance function.
