H. Tasso, G. N. Throumoulopoulos
A necessary condition for existence of general dissipative magnetohydrodynamic equilibria is derived. The ingredients of the derivation are Ohm's law and the existence of magnetic surfaces, only in the sense of KAM theorem. All other equations describing the system matter exclusively for the evaluation of the condition in a concrete case.
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An analysis of axisymmetric equilibria with arbitrary incompressible flow and finite resistivity is presented. It is shown that with large aspect ratio approximation or vanishing poloidal current, a uniform conductivity profile is consistent with equilibrium flows. Also a comment made on coexistence of both toroidal and poloidal flows in an axisymmetric field-reversed configuration.
It was recently demonstrated that static, resistive, magnetohydrodynamic equilibria, in the presence of spatially-uniform electrical conductivity, do not exist in a torus under a standard set of assumed symmetries and boundary conditions. The difficulty, which goes away in the ``periodic straight cylinder approximation,'' is associated with the necessarily non-vanishing character of the curl of the Lorentz force, j x B. Here, we ask if there exists a spatial profile of electrical conductivity that permits the existence of zero-flow, axisymmetric r esistive equilibria in a torus, and answer the…
A sufficient condition for the linear stability of three dimensional equilibria with incompressible flows parallel to the magnetic field is derived. The condition involves physically interpretable terms related to the magnetic shear and the flow shear.
The equilibrium of a resistive axisymmetric plasma with purely toroidal flow surrounded by a conductor is investigated within the framework of the nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic theory. It is proved that a) the poloidal current density vanishes and b) apart from an idealized case the pressure profile should vanish on the plasma boundary. For the cases of isothermal magnetic surfaces, isentropic magnetic surfaces and magnetic surfaces with constant density, the equilibrium states obey to an elliptic partial differential equation for the poloidal magnetic flux function, which is identical in form…
Numerical solutions of resistive finite-pressure magnetohydrodynamic equilibria for non-axisymmetric toroidal plasmas
开发了一种混合谱/有限元代码，通过结合双曲平行阻尼方程和动态电阻弛豫，无需假设嵌套磁通面即可数值求解非轴对称环形系统中的电阻性有限压力磁流体动力学平衡，并成功应用于stellarator、tokamak和reversed-field pinch等多种系统。
A simulated annealing (SA) relaxation method is used for calculation of high-beta reduced magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equilibria in toroidal geometry. The SA method, based on artificial dynamics derived from the MHD Hamiltonian structure, is used to calculate equilibria of large-aspect-ratio and circular-cross-section tokamaks as well as toroidally averaged stellarators. Tokamak equilibria including incompressible poloidal rotations are obtained and the Shafranov shift is seen to increase nearly quadratically in the rotation speed. A mapping procedure between non-rotating and poloidally rotatin…
It is proved that (a) the solutions of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic equation, which describe the equlibrium states of a cylindrical plasma with purely poloidal flow and arbitrary cross sectional shape [G. N. Throumoulopoulos and G. Pantis, Plasma Phys. and Contr. Fusion 38, 1817 (1996)] are also valid for incompressible equlibrium flows with the axial velocity component being a free surface quantity and (b) for the case of isothermal incompressible equilibria the magnetic surfaces have necessarily circular cross section.
Quantifying resonant drive in resistive perturbed tokamak equilibria
研究通过渐近匹配解探讨了共振驱动指标Δ_{mn}和b_{pen}在电阻性扰动托卡马克平衡中的关系，发现电阻物理使主导模式谱向较低的极化模式数m偏移。
We investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in resistive pair plasmas using a onefluid theory derived from the relativistic two-fluid equations. When the resistivity normalized by the electron/positron inertia variable exceeds a critical value, the dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves shows that the group velocity is larger than the light speed in vacuum. However, in such a case, it also is found that the plasma parameter is less than unity: that is, the electron-positron pair medium no longer can be treated as plasma. Thus the simple two-fluid approximation is invalid. Th…
The present study is a continuation of a previous one on "hyperelliptic" axisymmetric equilibria started in [Tasso and Throumoulopoulos, Phys. Plasmas 5, 2378 (1998)]. Specifically, some equilibria with incompressible flow nonaligned with the magnetic field and restricted by appropriate side conditions like "isothermal" magnetic surfaces, "isodynamicity" or P + B^2/2 constant on magnetic surfaces are found to be reducible to elliptic integrals. The third class recovers recent equilibria found in [Schief, Phys. Plasmas 10, 2677 (2003)]. In contrast to field aligned flows, all solutions found he…
Resistive steady states in toroidal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), where Ohm's law must be taken into account, differ considerably from ideal ones. Only for special (and probably unphysical) resistivity profiles can the Lorentz force, in the static force-balance equation, be expressed as the gradient of a scalar and thus cancel the gradient of a scalar pressure. In general, the Lorentz force has a curl directed so as to generate toroidal vorticity. Here, we calculate, for a collisional, highly viscous magnetofluid, the flows that are required for an axisymmetric toroidal steady state, assuming un…
Being motivated by the paper [O. I. Bogoyavlenskij, Phys. Rev. 66, 056410 (2002)] we generalise the symmetry transformations for MHD equilibria with isotropic pressure and incompressible flow parallel to the magnetic field introduced therein in the case of respective CGL equilibria with anisotropic pressure. We find that the geometrical symmetry of the field-aligned equilibria can break by those transformations only when the magnetic field is purely poloidal. In this situation we derive three-dimensional CGL equilibria from given axisymmetric ones. Also, we examine the generic symmetry transfo…
Metriplectic dynamics is applied to compute equilibria of fluid dynamical systems. The result is a relaxation method in which Hamiltonian dynamics (symplectic structure) is combined with dissipative mechanisms (metric structure) that relaxes the system to the desired equilibrium point. The specific metric operator, which is considered in this work, is formally analogous to the Landau collision operator. These ideas are illustrated by means of case studies. The considered physical models are the Euler equations in vorticity form, the Grad-Shafranov equation, and force-free MHD equilibria.
We describe the construction of stepped-pressure equilibria as extrema of a multi-region, relaxed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) energy functional that combines elements of ideal MHD and Taylor relaxation, and which we call MRXMHD. The model is compatible with Hamiltonian chaos theory and allows the three-dimensional MHD equilibrium problem to be formulated in a well-posed manner suitable for computation. The energy-functional is discretized using a mixed finite-element, Fourier representation for the magnetic vector potential and the equilibrium geometry; and numerical solutions are constructed us…
A recent study on axisymmetric ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibria with incompressible flows [H. Tasso and G. N. Throumoulopoulos, Phys. Plasmas {\bf 5}, 2378 (1998)] is extended to the generic case of helically symmetric equilibria with incompressible flows. It is shown that the equilibrium states of the system under consideration are governed by an elliptic partial differential equation for the helical magnetic flux function $ψ$ containing five surface quantities along with a relation for the pressure. The above mentioned equation can be transformed to one possessing differential part ident…
In three-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamics, closed flux surfaces cannot maintain both rational rotational-transform and pressure gradients, as these features together produce unphysical, infinite currents. A proposed set of equilibria nullifies these currents by flattening the pressure on sufficiently wide intervals around each rational surface. Such rational surfaces exist at every scale, which characterizes the pressure profile as self-similar and thus fractal. The pressure profile is approximated numerically by considering a finite number of rational regions and analyzed mathematically…
A least Action principle for visco-resistive Hall Magnetohydrodynamic with metriplectic reformulation
该研究针对粘滞电阻霍尔磁流体动力学提出新变分公式，先建立理想HMHD的变分原理，再通过约束变分添加粘滞与电阻项，并基于李-泊松括号和度量4括号完成度量辛重构。
The resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations as usually defined in the quasineutral approximation refer to a system of 14 scalar equations in 14 scalar variables, hence are determined to be complete and soluble. These equations are a combination of Navier-Stokes and a subset of Maxwell's. However, one of the vector equations is actually an identity when viewed from the potential formulation of electrodynamics, hence does not determine any degrees of freedom. Only by reinstating Gauss's law does the system of equations become closed, allowing for the determination of both the current and m…
Stability analyses for equilibria of the compressible reduced magnetohydrodynamics (CRMHD) model are carried out by means of the Energy-Casimir (EC) method. Stability results are compared with those obtained for ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) from the classical δW criterion. An identification of the terms in the second variation of the free energy functional for CRMHD with those of δW is made: two destabilizing effects present for CRMHD turn out to correspond to the kink and interchange instabilities in usual MHD, while the stabilizing roles of field line bending and compressibility are also…
It is shown that the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium states of an axisymmetric toroidal plasma with finite resistivity and flows parallel to the magnetic field are governed by a second-order partial differential equation for the poloidal magnetic flux function $ψ$ coupled with a Bernoulli type equation for the plasma density (which are identical in form to the corresponding ideal MHD equilibrium equations) along with the relation $Δ^\star ψ=V_c σ$. (Here, $Δ^\star$ is the Grad-Schlüter-Shafranov operator, $σ$ is the conductivity and $V_c$ is the constant toroidal-loop voltage divided by $2 π$)…
Relativistic resistive magnetohydrodynamics for a two-component plasma
本文提出了一种基于动力学理论的相对论电阻磁流体动力学模型，用于研究双组分超相对论等离子体的演化行为，通过14时刻近似推导出电荷扩散四流和剪切应力张量的耦合方程，并验证了其在特定物理条件下的准确性。
We derive the equations of motion of relativistic, resistive, second-order dissipative magnetohydrodynamics from the Boltzmann-Vlasov equation using the method of moments. We thus extend our previous work [Phys. Rev. D 98, 076009 (2018)], where we only considered the non-resistive limit, to the case of finite electric conductivity. This requires keeping terms proportional to the electric field $E^μ$ in the equations of motions and leads to new transport coefficients due to the coupling of the electric field to dissipative quantities. We also show that the Navier-Stokes limit of the charge-diff…
Fully adaptive computations of the resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are presented in two and three space dimensions using a finite volume discretization on locally refined dyadic grids. Divergence cleaning is used to control the incompressibility constraint of the magnetic field. For automatic grid adaptation a cell-averaged multiresolution analysis is applied which guarantees the precision of the adaptive computations, while reducing CPU time and memory requirements. Implementation issues of the open source code CARMEN-MHD are discussed. To illustrate its precision and efficiency…
Piecewise omnigenous magnetohydrodynamic equilibria as fusion reactor candidates
本文提出一种满足理想磁流体动力学平衡方程的分段全向仿星器磁场配置，实现了前所未有的分段全向性，从而在降低径向输运、自举电流和快离子损失的同时保持磁流体动力学稳定性，满足可行聚变反应堆候选的物理标准。
A set of reduced Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are used to evaluate the stability of large aspect ratio current sheets to the formation of plasmoids (secondary islands). Reconnection is driven by resistivity in this analysis, which occurs at the resistive skin depth $d_η\equiv S_L^{-1/2} \sqrt{L v_A/γ}$, where $S_L$ is the Lundquist number, $L$ the length of the current sheet, $v_A$ the Alfvén speed, and $γ$ the growth rate. Modifications to a recent resistive MHD analysis [N.\ F.\ Loureiro, A.\ A.\ Schekochihin, and S.\ C. Cowley, Phys.\ Plasmas {\bf 14}, 100703 (2007)] arise when …
The formal stability analysis of Eulerian extended magnetohydrodynamics (XMHD) equilibria is considered within the noncanonical Hamiltonian framework by means of the energy-Casimir variational principle and the dynamically accessible stability method. Specifically, we find explicit sufficient stability conditions for axisymmetric XMHD and Hall MHD (HMHD) equilibria with toroidal flow and for equilibria with arbitrary flow under constrained perturbations. The dynamically accessible, second-order variation of the Hamiltonian, which can potentially provide explicit stability criteria for generic …
The equilibrium theory of the 2D magnetohydrodynamic equations is derived, accounting for the full infinite hierarchies of conserved integrals. An exact description in terms of two coupled elastic membranes emerges, producing long-ranged correlations between the magnetic and velocity fields. This is quite different from the results of previous variational treatments, which relied on a local product ansatz for the thermodynamic Gibbs distribution. The equilibria display the same type of coherent structures, such as compact eddies and zonal jets, previously found in pure fluid equilibria. Possib…
Momentum anisotropy from Resistive Magnetohydrodynamics
研究通过14矩近似从玻尔兹曼-弗拉索夫方程推导超相对论等离子体电阻磁流体动力学框架，得出二阶方程。均匀极限下电荷电流动力学有对应定律，纯电场能产生动量各向异性，比约肯膨胀下该各向异性持续但居次要。
We derive the relativistic non-resistive, viscous second-order magnetohydrodynamic equations for the dissipative quantities using the relaxation time approximation. The Boltzmann equation is solved for a system of particles and antiparticles using Chapman-Enskog like gradient expansion of the single-particle distribution function truncated at second order. In the first order, the transport coefficients are independent of the magnetic field. In the second-order, new transport coefficients that couple magnetic field and the dissipative quantities appear which are different from those obtained in…
Analytic Hall Magnetohydrodynamics toroidal equilibria via the energy-Casimir variational principle
本文基于能量-Casimir变分原理推导了霍尔磁流体动力学轴对称等离子体平衡方程，获得Grad-Shafranov-Bernoulli型方程组的两族解析解，并证实了离子速度面与磁面的分离有利于等离子体约束。
Asymptotic-preserving semi-implicit finite volume scheme for Extended Magnetohydrodynamics
针对扩展磁流体动力学方程，提出一种半隐式有限体积格式，通过松弛系统重构和算子分裂，在理想、电阻和霍尔磁流体动力学极限下均能保持精确性，并实现自适应网格细化。
Analytic solutions of the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium equations for a cylindrically symmetric magnetically confined plasma with reversed magnetic shear, s < 0, and sheared flow are constructed by prescribing the safety factor-, poloidal velocity- and axial velocity- profiles consistently with experimental ones.
We present a virtual element method (VEM) for the numerical approximation of the electromagnetics subsystem of the resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model in two spatial dimensions. The major advantages of the virtual element method include great flexibility of polygonal meshes and automatic divergence-free constraint on the magnetic flux field. In this work, we rigorously prove the well-posedness of the method and the solenoidal nature of the discrete magnetic flux field. We also derive stability energy estimates. The design of the method includes three choices for the construction of the …
Computation of Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibria with Voigt Regularization
本研究首次探索用Voigt正则化求解无嵌套磁面假设的MHD平衡，通过二维理想与电阻测试验证其可显著加快电阻MHD问题收敛，为高效鲁棒的MHD平衡求解器及聚变装置设计提供新方向。
In this paper, we develop a lattice Boltzmann model for relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Even though the model is derived for resistive MHD, it is shown that it is numerically robust even in the high conductivity (ideal MHD) limit. In order to validate the numerical method, test simulations are carried out for both ideal and resistive limits, namely the propagation of Alfvén waves in the ideal MHD and the evolution of current sheets in the resistive regime, where very good agreement is observed comparing to the analytical results. Additionally, two-dimensional magnetic reconnection dri…
A constrained-transport embedded boundary method for compressible resistive magnetohydrodynamics
本文提出了一种用于可压缩电阻磁流体动力学的受限传输嵌入边界方法，通过有限体积法和鬼体方法实现任意形状边界，并验证了其在不同条件下的收敛性。
Recent advances in black hole astrophysics, particularly the first visual evidence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy M87 by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), and the detection of an orbiting "hot spot" nearby the event horizon of Sgr A* in the Galactic center by the Gravity Collaboration, require the development of novel numerical methods to understand the underlying plasma microphysics. Non-thermal emission related to such hot spots is conjectured to originate from plasmoids that form due to magnetic reconnection in thin current layers in the innermost accretion zone. …
Inertial effects in nonlinear magnetic reconnection are studied within the context of 2D electron magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) with resistive and viscous dissipation. Families of nonlinear solutions for relevant current sheet parameters are predicted and confirmed numerically in all regimes of interest. Electron inertia becomes important for current sheet thicknesses $δ$ below the inertial length $d_{e}$. In this case, in the absence of electron viscosity, the sheet thickness experiences a nonlinear collapse. Viscosity regularizes solutions at small scales. Transition from resistive to viscous …
Exact solutions of the equation governing the equilibrium magetohydrodynamic states of an axisymmetric plasma with incompressible flows of arbitrary direction [H. Tasso and G.N.Throumoulopoulos, Phys. Pasmas {\bf 5}, 2378 (1998)] are constructed for toroidal current density profiles peaked on the magnetic axis in connection with the ansatz $S=-ku$, where $S=d/d u [\varrho (dΦ/du)^2]$ ($k$ is a parameter, $u$ labels the magnetic surfaces; $\varrho(u)$ and $Φ(u)$ are the density and the electrostatic potential, respectively). They pertain to either unbounded plasmas of astrophysical concern or b…
Based on a 14-moment closure for non-resistive (general-) relativistic viscous plasmas, we describe a new numerical scheme that is able to handle all first-order dissipative effects (heat conduction, bulk and shear viscosities), as well the anisotropies induced by the presence of magnetic fields. The latter is parameterized in terms of a thermal gyrofrequency or, equivalently, a thermal Larmor radius and allows to correctly capture the thermal Hall effect. By solving an extended Israel-Stewart-like system for the dissipative quantities that enforces algebraic constraints via stiff-relaxation, …
The equilibrium of a cylindrical plasma with purely poloidal mass flow and cross section of arbitrary shape is investigated within the framework of the ideal MHD theory. For the system under consideration it is shown that only incompressible flows are possible and, conscequently, the general two dimensional flow equilibrium equations reduce to a single second-order quasilinear partial differential equation for the poloidal magnetic flux function $ψ$, in which four profile functionals of $ψ$ appear. Apart from a singularity occuring when the modulus of Mach number associated with the Alfvén vel…
To investigate the impact of current sheet motion on the reconnection process, we perform resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of two closely located reconnection sites which move apart from each other as reconnection develops. This simulation develops less quickly than an otherwise equivalent single perturbation simulation but eventually exhibits a higher reconnection rate. The unobstructed outflow jets are faster and longer than the outflow jets directed towards the magnetic island that forms between the two current sheets. The X-line and flow stagnation point are located near the…
Self-consistent simulation of resistive kink instabilities with runaway electrons
本研究提出并在M3D-C1代码中实现含等离子体与逃逸电子自洽相互作用的新型流体模型，成功模拟DIII-D托卡马克逃逸电子损失事件中的扭结不稳定性，与实验吻合良好，可为ITER逃逸电子缓解策略研究提供支撑。
The Sweet-Parker layer in a system that exceeds a critical value of the Lundquist number ($S$) is unstable to the plasmoid instability. In this paper, a numerical scaling study has been done with an island coalescing system driven by a low level of random noise. In the early stage, a primary Sweet-Parker layer forms between the two coalescing islands. The primary Sweet-Parker layer breaks into multiple plasmoids and even thinner current sheets through multiple levels of cascading if the Lundquist number is greater than a critical value $S_{c}\simeq4\times10^{4}$. As a result of the plasmoid in…
Axisymmetric equilibria with incompressible flows of arbitrary direction are studied in the framework of magnetohydrodynamics under a variety of physically relevant side conditions. To this end a set of pertinent non-linear ODEs are transformed to quasilinear ones and the respective initial value problem is solved numerically with appropriately determined initial values near the magnetic axis. Several equilibria are then constructed surface by surface. The non field aligned flow results in novel configurations with a single magnetic axis, toroidal shell configurations in which the plasma is co…
In this work we introduce a novel semi-implicit structure-preserving finite-volume/finite-difference scheme for the viscous and resistive equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) based on an appropriate 3-split of the governing PDE system, which is decomposed into a first convective subsystem, a second subsystem involving the coupling of the velocity field with the magnetic field and a third subsystem involving the pressure-velocity coupling. The nonlinear convective terms are discretized explicitly, while the remaining two subsystems accounting for the Alfven waves and the magneto-acoustic wav…
Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics from kinetic theory
基于相对论Boltzmann-Vlasov方程和14矩近似，推导了强电磁场下相对论耗散磁流体动力学的因果二阶方程，揭示了磁场诱导的各向异性输运和耗散振荡。
We present a new numerical method of special relativistic resistive magnetohydrodynamics with scalar resistivity that can treat a range of phenomena, from nonrelativistic to relativistic (shock, contact discontinuity, and Alfvén wave). The present scheme calculates the numerical flux of fluid by using an approximate Riemann solver, and electromagnetic field by using the method of characteristics. Since this scheme uses appropriate characteristic velocities, it is capable of accurately solving problems that cannot be approximated as ideal magnetohydrodynamics and whose characteristic velocity i…
Higher-order dissipative anisotropic magnetohydrodynamics from the Boltzmann-Vlasov equation
本文将矩方法应用于相对论 Boltzmann-Vlasov 方程推导任意张量秩不可约矩运动方程，通过系统截断与闭合，分别导出了高阶耗散电阻性磁流体力学理论及一种动量各向异性独立于外磁场的新颖耗散电阻性各向异性磁流体力学理论。
Relaxed magnetohydrodynamics with cross-field flow
本文研究了放松平衡中跨场流动的建模，通过度量张量将约束流与几何耦合，构建了平板、圆柱和托卡马克几何的平衡态，发现跨场流动与磁岛结构相关，影响磁岛谐波和平衡剖面。
It is proved that irrespective of compressibility tokamak steady states with purely poloidal mass flow can not exist in the framework of either magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) or Hall MHD models. Non-existence persists within single fluid plasma models with pressure anisotropy and incompressible flows.
Stability conditions of magnetized plasma flows are obtained by exploiting the Hamiltonian structure of the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations and, in particular, by using three kinds of energy principles. First, the Lagrangian variable energy principle is described and sufficient stability conditions are presented. Next, plasma flows are described in terms of Eulerian variables and the noncanonical Hamiltonian formulation of MHD is exploited. For symmetric equilibria, the energy-Casimir principle is expanded to second order and sufficient conditions for stability to symmetric perturbation a…
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